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Populations and Ecosystems (Structure of Ecosystems (energy flow (flow of…
Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
population
individuals of the same species
community
all populations togetherr
ecosystems
physical, nonliving environment
Plants relationship to Habitat
habitat
set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycles
Abiotic Components
nonliving, physical phenomena
Climate
tolerance range
between low and high extremes of organism
Soil
pioneers
first plants to invade a new soil
horizon
uppermost zone of leaching
B horizon
zone of deposition
C horizon
composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments
Biotic Components
living factors
Plant Itself
Other plant species
mutualism
interaction beneficial for both organisms
competition
interaction between organisms is dangerous
competitive exclusive
species less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem
niche
adapted to a particular set of conditions
ecotypes
various subpopulations
transplant experiments
test whether ecotypes really existed
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plants are transplanted to alternate sites
common garden
transplanted plants grown at one site
Organisms other than plants
frugivores
seed dispersal by fruit-eating animals
commensal relationships
one specie benefits and the other is unaffected between plants and animals
predation
one specie benefits the other is harmed
herbivores
animals that eat plants
browsing
eating twigs and leaves of shrubs
grazing
eating herbs
pathogenic
fungi and bacteria
operational habitat
aspects of the habitat that definitely affect a plant
Structure of Populations
limiting factor
one factor determines the health of the plant
random distribution
no obvious, identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
clumped distribution
the spacing between plants is either small or large
uniform distributions
all individuals are evenly spaced
age distribution
proportion of young, middle-aged, and old individuals
demography
generation time
length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
intrinsic of natural increase
biotic potential
number of individual that live long enough to reproduce
carrying capacity
limited number of individuals that can live in an ecosystem
Structure of Ecosystems
physiognomic structure
distribution of organisms relation to each other and the environment
life forms
means by which the plants survives stressful seasons
temporal structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time constitute
species compostion
refers to the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
trophic levels
basically feeding levels
primary producers
autotrophs
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
carnivores
decomposers
fungi and bacteria
energy flow
flow of energy throughout the ecosystem
carbon flow
flow of carbon through an ecosystem
