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Chapter 3: Chemical Thermodynamics (Energy (Energy Formulas (:small_red…
Chapter 3: Chemical Thermodynamics
Energy
Kinetic
Energy Formulas
:small_red_triangle:E = Ef - Ei = E product - E reactant
E = > E >= :small_red_triangle: E>0
Ef < Ei , :small_red_triangle: < 0
:small_red_triangle: = q + W (Heat + Work Done)
Potential
First Law of Thermodynamics
:small_red_triangle:E universe = :small_red_triangle:E system + :small_red_triangle:E surrounding = 0
Ethalpy, H = E + PV
:small_red_triangle: = q + W
W = - P( :small_red_triangle:v)
:small_red_triangle:H = q +(-P :small_red_triangle:V) + P( :small_red_triangle:V)
:small_red_triangle:H = qP(Endo & Exo)
Entropy
:small_red_triangle:S
+
More Disordered
Random Arrangement
:arrow_up: Number, More particles
States of Matter
-
Less Disorder
:small_red_triangle:S° = ΣmS°(products)-ΣnS°(reactants)
A measure of the randomness/disorder of a system
:small_red_triangle:S = Sf - Si [J/°C]
:arrow_up:S,
Solid :arrow_right: Liquid :arrow_right: Gas (Mircostate so the probability to move is higher)
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Spontaneous process carried out of a given temperature
Entropy in a system will always increase
:small_red_triangle:S > q/T : Spontaneous process
:small_red_triangle:S < q/T : Non-spontaneous
:small_red_triangle:S = q/T = Equilibrium
Enthalpy, H
Hess Law
Hess's law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction (i.e. the heat of reaction at constant pressure) is independent of the pathway between the initial and final states.
Steps of Finding :small_red_triangle:H
Make a target equation, note the number of moles
Manipulate the equation:
Change the Sign
Multiply number of mole
Add the manipulated equation to get the target equation
Calorimetry
Constant pressure Eg: Coffee Cup
Solid Sample in H2O :arrow_right: -qsolid = qH2O :arrow_right: -mc :small_red_triangle:T = mc :small_red_triangle:T
Combining 2 equation solutions fdsa dfaffdsa jdasn j fdsjf sda;j fdsa
Eg: Acid-Base reaction :arrow_right: qSolution = -qReaction
Constant volume Eg: Bomb
Testing food sample
Combustion reaction
qSolid = -Csolid :small_red_triangle:T
Standard Heat of Reaction ( :small_red_triangle:H°reaction)
Gas: Standard state 1atm
Substance in aqueous solution = 1m
Pure subtance
:small_red_triangle:H°reaction = Σm :small_red_triangle:H°f(products) - Σn :small_red_triangle:H°f(reactants)