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Digestive and Urinary Systems (Nephron Anatomy and Physiology (Each…
Digestive and Urinary Systems
Major Organs
Alimentary Canal
Stomach
Located left of the abdominal cavity in the left hypochondriac region
Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter
Food empties into the duodenum of small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
J-shaped, acts as a storage tank for food
Food mixes with gastro juice to make chyme
Mechanical Digestion
By churning of stomach muscle
Chemical Digestion
Breakdown of protein begins
Only absorption that occurs is alcohol, water, drugs and some vitamins and aspirin
Small Intestine
Where most chemical digestion of all foods occur by enzymes produced by accessory organs
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood and lymphatic vessels
Chemical Digestion of fat begins
Regions of the SI:
Duodenum
First portion of the SI attached to the stomach, chemical digestion
Jejunum
Middle section, main site of nutrient absorption
Ileum
End portion, connected to the cecum, some absorption
Villi of SI
Finger-like structures that increase surface area for absorption
Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Esophagus
Located posteriorly to the trachea
Food transportation by peristalsis
Collapsible tube runs from pharynx to the stomach, pass through diaphragm
No digestive function only passage for food and drink
Large Intestine
Does not participate in digestion but resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients; causes gas or flatulation(farts)
Movement is slow and sluggish in the LI except for 3-4 mass peristalsis movement per day toward rectum
Eliminates indigestible food from body as feces
Features of the LI:
Contains Tenia Coli(Longitudinal muscles)
Haustra(Bulges/Pockets)
Site of absorption of water and electrolytes; produces vitamins
Regions of the LI:
Cecum
First outpocketing of the LI, attached to small intestine; site of appendix attachment
Colon
Ascending, Transverse, Descending, and Sigmoid
Pharynx
Laryngopharynx
Inferior to oropharynx
Involved in deglutition, forcing bolus from the mouth to esophagus
Oropharynx
Located posteriorly to mouth, passage of food, water and air
Rectum
Stores feces until it is defecated
Mouth
Mechanical Digestion
By teeth by Mastication(Chewing)
Chemical Digestion
By saliva produced by salivary glands, digestion of starch begins
Contains teeth, salivary glands, tonsils, and tongue
Mucosa produces mucus to coat bolus for easier transportation
Opening into the Oral Cavity(area enclosed by teeth and lips)
Initiates Deglutition(Swallowing)
Anus
Eliminates feces from rectum to exterior
Presence of feces in rectum triggers defecation reflex
Defecation controlled by sphincters
Internal
Made of involuntary smooth muscle
External
Voluntary skeletal muscle
Accessory Organs & Digestive Enzymes
Teeth
Hardest substance in the body. Functions to mechanically break down food into smaller pieces
Anatomy of Teeth:
Enamel
Hard outer layer of teeth
Dentin
Middle layer of bone-like living tissue under Enamel
Pulp
Soft inner structure; contains nerves and blood vessels
Supporting Ligament
Connective tissue that attaches teeth to jawbone
Gingivi
Gums
Regions of Teeth:
Root
Attached under gums
Crown
Part of tooth above the gums
Types of Teeth:
Deciduous
Baby Teeth(20)
Permanent
Adult Teeth(32)
Incisors
Most anterior, for cutting
Cuspids or Canines
Lateral to incisor; For tearing/shredding
Premolars and Molars
Sides and back teeth; Grinding
Salivary Glands
Produces saliva(mixture of 99% water, and mucus) to moisten food into bolus
Contains salivary amylase- digest starch
3 pairs of glands: Parotid, Submandibular, and sublingual
Gastric Glands
Chief Cells
Produce pepsinogen
Parietal Cells
Produces HCl and intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor
Needed for absorption of Vitamin B12 in stomach
Goblet Cells
Produce mucus(provide protective lining against stomach acid)
Intestinal Glands
Secrete intestinal juice(mixture of fluids)
Duodenal Glands
Alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid
Enzymes in duodenal digest all food groups but require neutral pH to work
Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes lipase(digestive fats), pancreatic amylase(carbs), and trypsin and chymotrypsin(proteins)
Releases enzymes into duodenum
Located behind stomach surrounded by duodenum
Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin
Liver
Largest gland in the body, made of four lobes
Located inferior to the diaphragm
Falciform ligament holds lobes to abdominal wall
Functions for storage for glycogen, fat soluble vitamins, and iron
Produce bile(Emulsifies fat)
Removal of drugs, alcohol, and hormones
Gall Bladder
Pear-shaped organ, located on the underside to the liver on the right side of the abdominal cavity(right hypochondriac region)
Stores bile and released into the duodenum when needed
Urinary System
Ureter
Once urine leaves kidneys, it enters ureters
Pair of slender tubes that drop down to the posterior urinary bladder
Each ureter features a layer of smooth muscle that contracts to move urine using peristalsis
Urinary Bladder
A hollow collapsible sac that temporarily stores urine
Retroperitoneal
Located posterior to the pubic bone and anterior to the rectum
Consists of 3 layers:
Inner mucosa surrounded by a thick muscular layer called the detrusor wrapped in a fibrous, protective outer membrane
Inner mucosal layer consists of transitional epithelium, which allows the bladder to expand so it can hold more urine
When empty, bladder collapses into a triangular shape, folding up on itself like a deflated balloon
As urine accumulates, the bladder thins and expands into a pear-shape
Can hold 500 mL of urine
Kidneys
Functions to remove metabolic waste form the blood; forms urine
Dark-red, bean-shaped, fist-sized organs that sit on either side of spine against the posterior body wall
Retroperitoneal
They lie between the dorsal wall and the peritoneum
Renal Cortex
Outermost layer
Renal Medulla
A set of cone-shaped masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac-like tubules
Middle layer
Renal Pelvis
A funnel-shaped tube surrounded by smooth muscle that uses peristalsis to move urine out of the kidney, into the ureter, and into the bladder
Oxygenated blood enter the kidneys through the large renal arteries, which deliver nearly 1/4 of all blood pumped through the heart every minute
Filter about 120-140 liters of blood every day
Disorders
Cholecystitis
Description
An inflammation of the Gall Bladder
Symptoms
Vomiting, Tender Abdomen, Chills
Causes/Risk Factors
Gallstones, Diet, Age
Treatment options
Medication, Antibiotics, Cholecystecomy
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD)
Causes/Risk Factors
Obesity, Pregnancy, Smoking
Treatment options
Prescription Medication, Surgery, OTC Medication
Description
A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Symptoms
Heartburn, Dyphagia, Acid Reflux
Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD)
Causes/Risk Factors
Possibly: Genetics, environmental, or immune, Causes Unknown
Symptoms
Weight Loss, Anemia,Loss of Appetite
Description
A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract. Includes Crohn's Disease and ulcerative colitis
Treatment
Fluid replacement. Diet Adjustment, Surgery
Peptic Ulcers
Description
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Causes/Risk Factors
Smoking, Alcohol Abuse, Stress
Symptoms
Bloody Stool, Bloody Vomit, Weight Loss
Treatment
Lifestyle changes, Medications, Endoscopic Surgery
Colon Disease
Colorectal Cancer
Description
Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
Causes/Risks
Hereditary, Lifestyle, Radiation
Treatment
Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Surgery
Symptoms
Bloody stool, Fatigue, Weight Loss
Diverticulitis
Description
Pouches form on the wall of the colon
Causes/Risks
Age, Lack of Exercise, Obesity
Symptoms
Diarrhea, Constipation, Fever and chills
Treatment
Antibiotics, Medication, Surgery
Major Functions
Digestive
Consists of organs that are involved in the breaking down of food molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
Urinary
Regulates water volume, ion salt concentrations, and pH levels
Influences your red blood cell production and blood pressure
Filters toxic leftovers from your blood like nitrogenous waste made by metabolizing protein
Layers of GI Tract
Submucosa
Many elastic fibers to retain shape
Submucosal plexus
Autonomic nerve supply
Areolar CT containing major blood vessels
Glans and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis
Voluntary Muscle
Mouth, Pharynx, Superior Esophagus, and Anal Sphincter
External anal sphincter is skeletal muscle
Two layers of smooth muscle to allow peristalsis and segmentation
Outer Longitudinal Layer
Shortens intestine
Inner Circular Layer
Squeeze, decrease size of lumen, in some areas act as sphincter or valves
Myenteric Plexus
Nerves
Mucosa
Epithelium
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus; protection against friction
Simple columnar in intestine for absorption and secretion
Varies by location
Lamina Propria
Areolar CT
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph node for nourishment/immunity
Mucous Membrane
Produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
Muscularis Mucosa
2 thins layers of smooth muscle
Serosa
Produces serous fluid for lubrication
Serous Membrane
Composed of thin layer of areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium
Outer covering of the GI tract
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
Each Nephron consists of a round renal corpuscle that resides up in the cortex, followed by a renal tubule that loops around between the cortex and the medulla
Outer part of the corpuscle is a cup-shaped feature called the glomerular capsule
Endothelium of capillaries is very porous so they allow lots of fluid, waste products, ions, glucose, and amino acids to pass from the blood into the capsule
They are also able to block out bigger molecules like blood cells and proteins so they stay in the blood and exit through the peritubular capillaries(aka vasa recta)
Stuff squeezed out of the blood into glomerulus is called filtrate which is sent along the renal tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule(PCT)>> Nephron Loop(Loop of Henle)>> Distal Convoluted Tubule(DCT) which empties into a collecting duct