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Contemporary terrorism & insurgency (Week 8) (network approach…
Contemporary terrorism & insurgency
(Week 8)
central model
primary threat of terrorism centralised
(emanates from core organisation)
based on AQ strategic organizational
decision making
central leadership & its goals & activities
privilege organisational & hierarchical explanations
limitations
state seeing threats as reflection of own
organisaitonal structure
imbedded in US government
lack evidence
social networking?
network approach
rejects pyramid structure => social network (cells)
autonomous, self-starter operations
AQ / IS more inspirational than command
"bunch of guys" thesis
loose-knit groups waging leaderless jihad
based on personal relationships
limitations
lack evidence
lacking history
new religious movement approach
wider context / movement important
initial work about cults
not brainwashing, but for positive reasons
radical and sacralised reistance
phases to conflictual relations
latent tensions: tensions with society
nascent conflict: some violence, but not directly linked
intensified conflict: radical polarization & mobilization
dramatic denouement: extreme polarization, conflict, and violence
=> battle of exodus
loosely associated with social movement approaches
general themes
9/11 marking significant changes
from local structure to world-wide diffuse
CT campaigns important
terrorism = strategy or method
insurgency
goals
create distinct identity
linking to broader cause
gaining dominance over rivals (other opposition)
build bases and sanctuary
state-building (sometimes)
localised, but shaped by international
violence
perform task
create identity
dominance
vs. violent state
tactics
provocation
intimidation
protraction
exhaustion
New wars
collective grievances vs. private loot
broad popular support vs. lack of support
controlled violence vs. gratuitous violence
limitations
old wars also looting
changes in external sources of legitimation and funding
changes in zeitgeist
globalisation
imposition of Western norms
availability of weapons, transport, communications,..
ability to link disparate groups & audiences
creation of ungoverned space through rapid wealth transfer
impact
political mobilization
military socialization
polarization of social identities
militarization of local authority
transformation of gender roles
fragmentation of local political economy