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Chapter 9: Management and impact of socio-economic diversity (Integration,…
Chapter 9: Management and impact of socio-economic diversity
Assimilation
The adoption of beliefs and practices of the majority groups
France case study
Principle of Laicite (Secularism)
Ensure that religion is not involved with the ordinary social and political activities of the country
Education
Strictly secular
Adaptation classes to immerse in the French language and identify before joining regular French schools
Employment
Workplace plays an important role but many foreigners are expected to speak French to communicate
But many immigrants are unemployed due to discriminatory policies
Diversity chapter allows companies to declare that they are discrimination free
government believes that assimilation occurs best in the workplace
Naturalisation
Policy introduced in 1998
Compulsory for immigrants to attend French Courses before getting PR
Goal is for immigrants to adopt the French attitude, morals and culture
Tensions
Religious symbols were in conflict to national identities and against the principle of laicite, being a hindrance to national cohension
In 2004, a law was passed that no religious items could be worn in school
Muslim and Sikh communities protested as the turban was very important to the Sikh
However, the government was insistent and this shows assimilation might not actually bring unity and harmony
Integration
A process where by immigrants have a common ground while retaining their identities
Singapore Integration Policy
Bilingualism
Requires students to learn both English and one Mother Tongue Language
English is a common language for communication, integrating people of different ethnic groups
Mother-Tongue helps to preserve one's own cultural identity and traditions
Introduced in 1966
Presidential Council For Minority Rights (PCMR)
Formed in 1970
Ensures that the parliament doesn't pass laws which discriminates a race or a religious group
Reports matters affecting any ethnic community to the Parliament or Government
Group Representative Constituency (GRC)
Introduced in 1988
Ensures minority races will always be represented in Parliament
One member of a GRC team contesting in elections must be from a minority ethnic group
Singapore Integration Programme
Singapore Citizenship Journey
All new citizens must go through this within 2 months of approval of Singapore Citizenship
Allows new citizens to learn about Singapore at their own pace and convenience
History and development
National policies
Total defence
Efforts to achieve a harmonious society
Community sharing sessions bring the new citizens together to reflect, share hopes and aspirations for Singapore
Also learn about chances to participate in community events
Experiential tour brings them to landmarks to learn about history and policy
KEY IDEA
Learn more about Singapore
Through the process
Appreciate Singapore through the experiences
Feel more included
Create sense of pride and identity
1 more item...
Common experiences
In 2010, Singapore PR quota placed a limit of 5% in every neighbourhood and 8% in every housing block
Prevent enclaves (groups of them clustered)
Encourage interaction
All second generation immigrants to serve NS
In 2009, the National Integration Council (NIC) set up the Community Integration Fund to provide financial support to organisations interested in organising community integration projects
Diversity workshops
Cultural exchange programmes
People's Association (PA) organises events to encourage integration between Singaporeans and immigrants
block parties
celebration of festivals
home visits
Tensions
Not happy with the liberal immigration policy
New immigrants are unwilling to integrate into Singapore society
Jobs and job security for Singaporeans have been taken away with the arrival of many immigrants
Strong Singapore identity and social cohesion has been eroded
Immigrants inability to speak English and communicate is a hindrance to integration
Integration strengthened bonds between 4 main ethnic groups but need to be better for Singaporeans and new immigrants
Chapter 9: Management and Impact of Socio-economic Diversity
Market-based approach in USA
Government gives citizens the freedom to decide how much they are willing to pay for healthcare
Americans have to cope with healthcare costs largely on their own
However, not everyone can afford it
Governments allow the market to decide their own provision of services to meet healthcare needs.
Government does not intervene, no national policy guiding healthcare system
Prices vary significantly
Americans are expected to buy medical insurance
To ensure they can receive and pay for the necessary medical treatment
Both public and private hospitals provide healthcare
58% non profit hospitals provide both essential and optional care
21% profit private hospitals provide optional care and services only for people with higher income as fees are higher
21% public government hospitals are non-profit and provide essential healthcare
Affordability of healthcare in USA
Majority obtain medical insurance as part of their employment package
These people are often from large firms and generally have less problem meeting healthcare costs
CHALLENGE: Small firms find it a financial burden to buy insurance for workers
However, only 10% are able to afford private medical coverage beyond what their employers provide.
CHALLENGE: Low skilled workers are not given healthcare insurance
CHALLENGE: Those who depend on insurance from their jobs lose it when they lose their jobs
Medical insurance premiums are more expensive as the insurance companies need to make a profit
CHALLENGE: Cost a few thousand per year
CHALLENGE: Those with lower income, premiums are deducted from their pay and as a result people choose not to buy.
CHALLENGE: Insurance companies refuse to insure those who have been sick in the past or risk having recurrent episodes
Those of lower SES are often unable to afford healthcare
They only visit when there is an emergency and sent to the emergency department
Up to 16% of Americans are uninsured as of 2014.
Healthcare policies to help lower income groups
Medicare
Health insurance
Americans 65 years and older, under 65 with disabilities or permanent kidney failure
Medicaid
Health insurance
People and families with limited income and disabilities
Eligibility depends on
Age
Pregnant
blind or other disabilities
Legislation on Emergency Medical Treatment
Emergency departments in hospitals that receive payments from Medicare are required by law to provide medical treatment to anyone needing emergency treatment until stable.
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed in 1986
Ensure patients access to emergency medical care
Prevent patient dumping to uninsured patients transferred from private to public hospitals regardless of their conditions
ObamaCare from 2014
People of lower SES may receive more help in terms of healthcare needs.
According to WHO, all people should be able to obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship.
Government can help:
where there is greater socio-economic diversity
When those of lower socio-economic status of facing challenges and financing healthcare costs
Shared Responsibility Approach in Singapore