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T.14. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOCUSED ON THE ACQUISITION OF COMMUNICATIVE…

- - - - Knowledge has written on the "Tabula rasa" empty mind of the new learners.
      - Learning a language: Vocabulary and Grammar.
      - Children learn language through Imitation-Repetition-Reinforcement.
      - :silhouette: Pavlov behaviourist approach: We learn through stimulus-response
      - Babies are empty vessels and learn by repetition and a process of trial-and-error
    - - It is based on showing the different constituent elements of the language and its relations and functioning: the phonemes, morphemes, lexical categories, noun phrases, verb phrases, and sentence types.
      - Saussure's Course in General Linguistics: Language as a static system of interconnected units
      - STRUCTURAL METHODOLOGIES
        
        GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHODOLOGY
        
        AUDIO-LINGUAL METHODOLOGY
        
        TPR ACTIVITIES
      - Teaching a grammar competence.
  - - - LAD (Language Acquisition Device).It is a hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition.
      - He called the ability to use language: Linguistic Competence.
      - Universal Grammar. A genetic component that allows us to learn any human language.Not only by imitation and repetition.
      - We can create and interpret sentences that we have never encountered before.
    - - BICSBasic Interpersonal Communication Skills
        
        Common words, Short sentences, Everyday topics, Concrete and Low pressure.
        
        I like dinosaurs!
        
        1-2 years
        
        The ability to maintain a simple conversation, for example in a shop or in the street. It is developed with contextual cues (including gestures) and often occurs in face-to-face situations
      - Threshold Theory (Mother tongue proficiency).It describes the relationship between
        cognition and the level of bilingualism
      - 1st 2nd Lang. Common Underlying Proficiency. Immersing children in a context with a great amount of input is essential for learning BICS and CALP
      - CALPS. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
        
        Academic vocabulary. Complex sentences, School topics. Abstract concepts, "Deep thinking", High pressure
        
        I think the Tyrannosaurus Rex was better than Brachiosaurus because...
        
        3-9 years. It takes a minimum of 5 years to develop even an intermediate fluency; takes a whole lifetime to develop fully.
        
        The ability to cope with study programmes in academic
        contexts. It is developed in reduced contexts (i.e. the classroom, conferences, seminars, etc.)
    - - :silhouette: Piaget.
        
        Cognitive development. Assimilation Accommodation.
        
        :silhouette: D. Ausubel. Theory of Meaningful Learning.In 60s improve Ass.- Aco
        
        4 stages of cognitive development
        
        Sensiomotor
        
        Birth-2 years
        
        Use senses and motor skills, items know by use sense and actions.
        
        Object permanence learned.
        
        Preoperational
        
        2-6
        
        Symbolic and egocentric thinking, language used. Mental images.
        
        Imagination, experience grows, child centers.
        
        Concrete operational
        
        7-11
        
        Logically applied, has objectives, rational interpretations. Categories.
        
        Conversation, numbers, ideas, classifications.
        
        Formal operational.
        
        12-adult
        
        Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas.
        
        Ethics, politics, social, moral, issues explored.
        
        Knowledge actively constructed by child.
      - :silhouette: Vygotsky.
        
        Children learn from society, in society, and for society. Social interaction.
        
        Importance to Language
        
        Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
        
        It is the distance between a student´s ability to perform a task independently and through assistance. Focus on what the child can do independently or with the help of an adult.
        
        ZPD is the distance between a student´s ability to perform a task independently and through assistance. is improved in the 80s by :silhouette: Bruner . Students learn better and more effectively through SCAFFOLDING by adults. Support the learner´s development. A gradual release of responsibility. Scaf. takes place in this zone.
    - - Theory of Learning by Discovery
      - LASS
      - Scaffolding is the process by which teachers use particular conceptual, material and linguistic tools and technologies to support student learning. It can be used at any point of interaction between teachers and students at the point of providing inputs and explanations, through to modelling, interacting and assessing. Use of the first language, read aloud, modeling/gestures, intentional small group/partner work, sentence structures/starters, connect to background knowledge, graphic organizers, visual and realia.
    - - The Natural Order Hypothesis. The acquisition of languages happens in a predictable order and that this is not affected by instruction. Everybody follows the same steps of learning-acquisition. 1. Vocabulary 2. Sentences in present. 3. Sentences in the past 4. Sentences in the future
      - The input Hypothesis (Comprehension input). This states that language is acquired by exposure to comprehensible input at a level a little higher than that the learner can already understand.
      - The monitor hypothesis. Learning can only be used to monitor language output; it can never be the source of spontaneous speech.
      - Affective Filter Hypothesis. There exists a filter or mental block that impedes communication when the student feels under stress. Learners must be relaxed and open to learning in order for language to be acquired
      - The acquisition Learning Hypothesis. This states that there is a strict separation between conscious learning of language and subconscious acquisition of language and that only acquisition can lead to fluent language use.
    - - Comprehensible Output Hypothesis
    - - Other important contributions from :star: HUMANISM to that influenced CONSTRUCTIVISM. :silhouette: A. Maslow (1970) Five basic types of needs and :silhouette: H. Gardner (Multiple Intelligences).