Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
progress in the mid 19th century (why hadn't medicine progress by…
progress in the mid 19th century
why hadn't medicine progress by 1948?
belief of what caused disease + having unbalanced humour
theory of opposites
miasma = theory that disease was carried by harmful fumes
spontaneous generation = rotting material created fleas
factors affecting progress
lack of understanding due to lack of technology
lack of funding for research as the government did not feel responsible
attitudes of doctors not wanting to be proved wrongs and having to learn new methods
dangers in surgery
1847-1867 black period of surgery
in 1840s although it took 4 years to become certified (lectures and practical experiences) surgery was dangerous as they usually preformed amputations
in 1840 the only pain reliefs available were alcohol, opium or being knocked out unconscious. (best surgeons were the ones who could amputate the fastest - lister = 28 seconds) ETHER: used by lister in 1846 to amputate a leg (was good at pain relief but had several side effects: irritated lungs, left patients asleep for days
blood loss was a an issue in surgery so tourniquets were used in surgery but even if the patient survived the risk from infection was fatal. also surgeons would wear clothes that had old blood and pus on them, bandages were reused and many people were in the operating theatre at once.
changes to hospitals after Florence Nightingale
hospitals before
health and hygiene was terrible (In Scutari 10,000 patients that shared beds, lay of the floor, clothing infested with lice.) diarrhoea, typhoid and cholera were very common. food and medical suppleis very limited. Nurses were initially percived as being unqualified (no proper training), drunk and lazy
nursing staff untrained, few toilets, poor sewage system (Hospital at Scutari made on top of a cesspit), very cramped with little beds and disease easily spread, unhygienic in surgery dressing
hospitals after
after Nightingale mad simple changes like washing hands, opening the windows for ventilation and washing the medical equipment, death rate fell from 42% - 2%
nurses were trained, used aseptic surgery, spacious, well ventilated, doubles number of beds
changes to Nursing
stats
1900s - trained nurses, aseptic surgery, hygienic dressings, good sanitation, toilets instead of bed pans, and the wards were spacious and well ventilated
1854 - Nightingale was asked to lead a team of 38 nurses in the Scutari hospital during the Crimean war
1859 - Nightingale wrote the ‘Notes on Nursing’ where she outlined the importance of ventilation, cleanliness and good quality food.
1860 - the Nightingale School was opened to train young nurses
1855 - the government improved drains and supply of drinking water
hospitals began to create many more training centres for Nurses, by 1900, 64000 nurses were trained. in 1919 the registration of Nurses Act was passed making it stricter + viewed as a profession
simpson and chlorofoam
chloroform (discovered by Simpson) was an anaesthetic that didn't have the same side effects as Ether.
by 1847 the professor of medecine and midwifery at edinburgh university used it in childbirth
Queen Victoria in Scotland used it giving birth to her 8th child in 1853 promoting popularity
HOWEVER this was a negative impact on surgery because surgeons began to feel more confident and did more complex and deeply internal surgery which allowed more germs to enter wound as operating theatres were still unhygienic and bedsheets and bandages were reused
public health