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Theories of Personality (Psychoanalysis founded by Sigmund Freud (Id: part…
Theories of Personality
Personality: the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think. feel, and behave
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Psycho-sexual stages: five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
Stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Fixation: if the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage
Phallic stage (3-6 years), super ego develops, erogenous zone: genitals
Oedipus complex: situation occurring in phallic stage in which a boy develops a sexual attraction to mother and jealousy
Electra complex: a similar process for girls conflict resolves by identification with same sex parent
Anal stage (18-36 month), ego develops, erogenous zone: anus
Anal retentive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is near, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
Anal explusive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive and hostile
Latency stage ( 6 years to puberty): Libido instinctual energy that may come into conflict with demands of a society's standards for behavior
Oral stage( first 18 months), dominated by the id, erogenous zone: mouth
Genital stage (puberty): sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets, resolves with monogamous relationship
Social cognitive view: learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism: explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Self efficacy: an individual perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance
Julian Rotter
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Expectancy: a persons's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence. Reinforcement value: a person's preference for a reinforcer
Humanistic perspective: focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
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Carls Rogers: components of self concept, real self: actual characteristics, traits and abilities, ideal sefl: what one should be or would like to be
Positive regard: warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant other in one's life
Fully functioning person: a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest innermost urges and feelings
Trait theories: that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
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Five factor model (Big Five): model pf personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions: O C E A N
Gordon Allport: first developed a list about 200 traits, believed these traits were part of nervous system
Personality assessments
Personality inventory: paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking test
Projective tests: personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
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Thematic Apperception test: projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli
Interview: personality assessment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer