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General Botany (Respiration (Anaerobic (Fermentation (Warning (Addictive,…
General Botany
Respiration
Photorespiration
RuBP
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
NADPH
Aerobic
Strict Aerobes
Glycolysis
Oxygen
e- Acceptor
Respiratory Quotient
Product Quantities
Photo Synthesis
Total Yield
Glucose
2 ATP
Factors
Internal Regulation
Seeds
Respiration
Environmental
Lack of Oxygen
1%-2% okay in Plants
Temperature
5C-25C ^10C X2 Reproduction
Lipids
Beta- oxidation
Heat
Energy lost
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
Acetaldehyde
Pyruvate
Obligate Anaerobes
Fermentation
Yeast
Bacteria
Alcohol & CO2
Warning
Addictive
DUI
Depressant
Spirits
EtOH > 20%
Wine
Fruit
Beer
Starchy Grains
No Oxygen
Seed plants W/O flowers
Division Gnetophyta
Compound cones
Anthophytes
About 40 species
Concepts
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Pycnoxylic wood
Manoxylic Wood
Spermatophytes
Lignophytes
Division Ginkgophyta: Maidenhair tree
Ancestors not known
No Cones
Short & long shoots
Single species
Division Cycadeoidophyta: Cycadeoids
Almost identical to cycads
Extinct
Division Cycadophyta: Cycads
100 Species
no ovules
Thick cortex
Confused for ferns or palm trees
Division Coniferophyta: Conifers
Suspensor
Compound Cones
Simple cones
Short shoots
Long Shoots
550 Species
50 Genera
Division Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
Large leaves
Emplectopteris
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms
Evolution of seeds
Pollen Chamber
Micropyle
Integument
Archaeopteridales
Aneurophytales
Genetics
Replication of DNA
Replication Fork
Semiconservative Replication
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
Replicon
Other Aspects
Gene Families
Multiple sets of Chromosomes
Lethal Allels
Maternal Inheritance
Multiple Genes
Dihybrid Crosses
Same Chromosomes
Crossing Over
Independent Assortment
Separate Chromosomes
Monohybrid Crosses
Punnett Square
Test Crosses
Pure Recessive
Pure-bred Lines
Crossing Heterozygotes
Selfing
Dominance
Incomplete
Complete
Mutations
Effects
In TATA box
Cause
Insertion Sequence
Mutagen
Genetics
Viruses
Diseases
Some Heat Treatments
Few Treatments
Origin
Sexual Reproduction
Formation of New Virus Particles
Metabolism
Bacteriophages
Structure
Temperate
Split Genome Viruses
Retroviruses
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Sequencing Entire Genomes
GMO
DNA Cloning
PCR
YACs
Vectors
Plasmid
DNA Sequencing
Open-reading Frame
Pyrosequencing Method
Chain Termination Method
Identifying DNA Fragments
cDNA
Reverse Transcriptase
RFLP
Restriction Maps
Restriction Endonucleases
Recombinant DNA
DNA Ligase
Palindromes
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Reannealing
DNA Denaturation
DNA Melting
Analysis of Genes
Control of Protein Levels
Transcription Factors
Protein Synthesis
mRNA Translation
eIFs
Initation
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino Acid Activation
Ribosomes
rRNA
70S
Prokaryotes
80S
Eukaryotes
Storing Info
Genetic Code
Codon
Stop
Start
AUG
Transcription
Hairpin
Structure
Introns
Exons
TATA Box
Promoter Region
Protecting
mRNA
Carries
Soils & Mineral Nutrition
Within Plants
Nitrogen from Animals
Nitrogen Metabolism
Assimilation
Amino groups
Transfer Amonium
Reduction
Reduces to Amonium
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogenase
Vandium
Availability
Absorption of Phosphorus
Acidity
Changes soil solubility
Cation Exchange
Root Hairs
Roots
Mineral Deficiency Disease
Mobile & Immobile elements
Symptoms
Necrosis
Chlorosis
Causes
Soil Depletion
Weathering
Chemical
Physical
Excess minerals
Little water extraction
Essential Elements
Trace Elements
Macro
Major
Hydroponic Solution
Criteria for Essentiality
Acting Inside
No Substitute
Necessary
Community Ecology
Community
Habitat Fragmentation
Habitat Loss
Community Restoration
Climax Community
Stability Returns
Succession
Sequence of Changes
Same Time
Different Species
Interconnectedness
Keystone Species
Energy Flow Web
Food Web
Food Chain
Metapopulations
Assisted Dispersal
Fugitive Species
Sink Habitat
Source Habitat
4 Assumptions
Populations Possible Extinction in Patch
Empty Become Colonized
Not All Occupied
Many Suitable Patches
Beneficial Interaction
Primary Successions
Nurse Plants
Facilitation
Mutualistic Relationship
Mutualism
Predator-Prey Interactions
Multiple Prey
Apparent Competition
Interference Competition
Optimal Diet Model
Competition Between Species
Optimal Foraging Theory
One Predator One Prey
Fixed Quota Harvesting
Fixed Effort Harvesting
Maximum Sustained Yield
Stable
Paradox of Enrichment
Zero Growth Isocline
Prey-Dependent
Functional Response
Diversity
Latitude
Scale
Species-area Relationship
Small
Large
Classification & Systematics
Concepts
Natural system of classification
Nomenclature
Binomial system of nomenclature
Systematics
Phylogeny
The major lines of evolution
Kingdom Plantae
Grade classification
Taxonomic studies
Isotypes
Type specimen
Other types of classification systems
Classification systems for fossils
Form genera
Artificial systems of classification
Cladistics
Cladograms & taxonomic categories
Eudicots
Basal angiosperms
Homoplasies
Analogous features
synapomorphies
Homologous features
Understanding the cladograms
Unresolved polychotomy
parsimony
Symplesiomorphy
Most recent common ancestor
Ancestral Condition
Apomorphy
Common ancestor
Node
Levels of taxonomic categories
Polyphyletic group
Monophyletic group
Kingdom
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Binomial system of nomenclature
Genera
Genus
Species
Energy Metabolism
Anabolic metabolism
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of polysaccharides
ATP Synthesis
ATP Synthetase
Noncyclic electron transport
CF0,CF1 complex
Thylakoid lumen
Stroma
Frets
Grana
Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
Photosynthesis
Photosystem II
ETC
Phaeophytin
Cytochrome b6/f complex
Plastocyanin
Backwards from PS1
P680
Photosystem I
Ferredoxin-NADP+reductase
Ferredoxin
P700
Stroma reactions
RUBISCO
Calvin/Benson cycle (C3 CYCLE)
NADPH
CO2
Carbohydrate
ATP
Light dependent reactions
Electromagnetic radiation spectrum
Action spectrum
Absorption spectrum
Photons
Quanta
Thylakoid reactions
Reaction center
Photosynthetic unit
Antenna complex
Photoautotrophs
Organisms
Photosynthetic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Algae
Photosynthetic Plants
Building material
CO2
Energy
Sunlight
Energy and reducing power
Reduction reaction
NAD+ & NADH
Electrons
Energy carriers
Plastocyanin
Plastoquinones
Cytochromes
ATP
Roots
Nitrogen Fixation
Root Nodule
Infection thread
Modifications
Haustorial Roots
Microrrhizae
endomycorrhizal
Contractile Roots
Arial Roots
Buttress Root
Prop Roots
Storage Roots
Development
Pericycle
Root Emerges
Cycloplasmic
Division
Internal Structure
Zone of Maturation
Casparian Strips
Endodermis
Zone of Elongation
Apical Meristem
Quiescent Center
Root Cap
Small Meristematic
External Structure
Root Cap
Root Hairs
Root Hair Zone
Elongation
Fibrous
Adventitious
Tap roots
Single
Large
Radicle
Lateral Roots
Branch Roots
Small
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells and Algae
Dinoflagellates
Red Tide
Brown Algae
Littoral Zone
Golden-brown Algae
Coccolithophorids
Yellow-green Algae
Diatoms
Diatomaceous Earth
Brown Algae
Heterokonts
Stramenopiles
Precursors to other algae
Red Algae
Floridean starch
3900 Species
400 Genera
Green Algae
Algae and Embryophytes
Primoplantae
Archaeoplastids
Streptophytes
Genra
Parenchymatous
Coenocytic
Laminar
Filamentous
Motile
Unicellular
Life Cycle
Heteromorphic
Isomorphic
Dibionic
Monobionic Species
Body Construction
Siphonous
Parenchymatous
Hold Fast
Membranous Body
Filamentous Body
Eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria and Plastids
Endosymbiont Theory
Primary or Secondary
Chloroplasts
Phagocytosis
Mitochondria are Prokaryotes
Organelles
Mitochondria is an Example
Membrane bound
Only Present in Eukaryotes
Nuclear Structure
Contains DNA
In Cytoplasm
DNA Structure
Histones
Elaborately packaged
Long Structures
Nonvascular Plants
Division Bryophyta
Mosses
Metabolism
Resistant to high UV
Can withstand dry conditions
Sporophyte
Calyptra
Peristome teeth
Operculum
Seta
Capsule
Foot
Gametophyte
Gametophores
Reproduction
Archegonia
Antheridia
Development
Protonema
Water Transport
Rhizoids
Leptoids
Hydroids
Dense Mounds
Division Anthocerotophyta
Hornworts
Sporophyte
No Sporangium
No Seta
Gametophyte
Nostoc
Protonema Cells
Division Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Sporophyte
Elaters
Gametophyte
Thallose Liverworts
Archegoniophores
Iophores
Antheridiophore
Leafy Liverworts
Air pores
Thallus
Two rounded lobes
Resemble Moss
Classification
Hornworts
Division Anthocerotophyta
Mosses
Bryophyta
Liverworts
Hepatophyta
Characters
Usually Small
Sporangia
Embryophytes
Flowers and Reproduction
Fruit Types
Classification of fruit types
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
Inflorescences and Pollination
Flower Structure
Ovary Position
Wind Pollinated Flowers
Animal Pollinated Flowers
Monoecious & Dioecious
Stigma & Pollen Incompatibility
Stamen and Style Maturation
Cross Pollination
Sexual Reproduction
Fruit development
Embryo & Seed Development
Fertilization
Gametophytes
Pollen Tube
Vegetative Cell
Flower Structure
Complete Flowers
Receptacle
Pedicel
Life Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
Angiosperms
Fragmentation
Angiosperms
Eudicots
Asterid Clade
Orders
Campanulids
Euasterids II
Lamiids
Euasterids I
Rosid Clade
Malvids
Eurosids II
Fabids
Eurosids I
Basal Eudicots
Santalales
Perisperm
Betalains
Anthocyanin
Caryophyllales
Monocots
Dioscoreales
Tricolpate
Zingiberales
Poales
3500 Species
Arecales
Asparagales
Septal nectaries
Septs
Liliales
1300 Species
11 Families
Petaloid
Tepals
Commelinoid
Basal angiosperms
Uniaperturate
Classification Flowering plants
Basal Angeosperms
Eudicots
Monocots
Concepts early angiosperms
Generalized
Ranalean Flower
100Y ago
Stems
Growth
Subapical
Apical
internal organization
Xylem
tracheary element
Phloem
FLOW em
sieve element
Epidermis
stoma
cuticle
parenchyma
single layer
Vascular bundles
Vascular Tissue
vascular bundles
water movement
Cortex
aerenchyma
External organization
nodes
flowers
leaves
stem
Cells and Tissue
Sclerenchyma
mechanical
conducting
Collenchyma
young petioles
Shoot tips
Parenchyma
necter
Soft tissue
Cell structure
Plant cells
Plastids
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Cellulose
Storage products
Calcium oxalate
Calcium carbonate
Microfilaments
Actin
Microtubules
Cytoskeleton
Cytosol
Microbodies
Glyoxysomes
Peroxisomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Rough ER
Ribosomes
Dictyosomes
Form Golgi body
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Power house
Cytoplasm
Mostly H2O
Central vacuole
Only in plants
Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Animal cells
No cell wall
Plant cells
Cell wall
Eukaryotic
No organelles
Membranes
Properties
Signaling
Glycoproteins
Channels
Semi permiable
Composition
Phospholipid bilayer
Embedded proteins
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
Populations & Ecosystems
Plants
Habitat
Other Organisms
Herbivores
Pathogenic
Grazing
Browsing
Predation
Commensal Relationships
Frugivores
Operational
Biotic
Other Plants
Common Garden
Transplant experiments
Niche
Competitive Exclusion
Competition
Mutualism
The Plant
Abiotic
Disturbance
Latitude & Altitude
Soil Factors
Pioneers
C Horizon
B Horizon
A Horizon
Climate
Extremes
Structure of Ecosystems
Energy Flow
Trophic Levels
Decomposers
Secondary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Primary Producers
Species Composition
Temporal Structure
Tropical
Cold Year Round
Seasons
Physiognomic Structure
Life Forms
Structure of Population
Boundaries
Carrying Capacity
Limiting Factor
R&K Selection
K-selected Species
R-selected Species
Age
Biotic Potential
Generation Time
Demography
Geographic Distribution
Uniform Distributions
Clumped Distribution
Random Distribution
Vascular Plants Without Seeds
The Megaphyll Line on Evolution
Ferns
Sori
Leaf gap
Leaf trace
Leptosporangiate ferns
Equisetophytes
Scouring rushes
Horsetails
Monilophytes
The Origin of Megaphylls
Webbing
Plantation
Telomes
Telome theory
Trimerophytes
Pseduomonopodial branching
Overtopping
Euphyllophytes
The Microphyll Line of Evolution
Lycophytes
Extant Genera
Ligule
Heterospory
Convergent evolution
Morphology
Microphiylls
Early Vascular Plants
Xylem structure
Seed plants
Siphonostele
Exarch protostele
Endarch protostele
Protostele
Zosterophyllophytes
Enations
Outgrowths
Rhyniophytes
Arisen from hornwart-like ancestors
Naked Axes
Equal dichotomous branching
Fossils
