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Community Equality (concepts (habitat loss (habitat fragmentation),…

- - - - one organism restricts another
    - - when organisms eat shared respources
  - - - line inidicating stability
    - - predator's functional response is dependent on the amount of prey
    - - improving conditions for prey
        
        may lead to overexploiting prey
        
        both species could be lost
  - - - four different predictions
      - produced by optimal forging theory #
    - - examine the interactions between the factors to understand why herbivores eat plants
- - - - intercorrelation of consumption relationships
    - - direct line of consumption
    - - how energy flows through the community
- - - - formula
        
        relationship between area and species richenes
        
        S=cA^z
- - - - never lead to sex cells
  - - - this causes mutation
  - - - converted to another base
        
        via various methods
  - - - DNA is inserted backwards
- - - - contains one new molecule
        
        conserves an old one
  - - - double helix is cut
        
        2 strands separate in short region
        
        form smaller bubble
  - - - this is where the forked appearance comes from
- - - - one homozygous recessive trait studied
    - - homozygous recessives can also be kept as a special line
        
        being selfed and pure
  - - - all types of one gamete
        
        estimation of what offspring will have/look like
    - - when plant own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
  - - - between two individuls
  - - - trait not strong
    - - trait more prominent
  - - - two different alleles for a gene
    - - each parent has two alleles for a gene
    - - inheritance not considered
    - - parents of plants
    - - 1st filial generation
        
        offspring of parents
    - - 2nd filial generation
        
        interbred offspring
- - - - last two chromosomes
    - - 1st two chomosomes
  - - - far apart on chromosome
  - - - alleles move independently
- - - - and mitochondrion genomes
        
        frommaternal parent
    - - alleles of both parents
        
        transmitted equally to progeny
- - - - involving hundreds or thousands of progeny
    - - having multiple genes for each trait
    - - multiple phenotype effects of one mutation
- - - - hidden by grasses and other herbs
- - - - apex is like radiating fingers
        
        project outward and down
  - - - umbrella shaped outgrowth
  - - - lophocolea: confused with mosses
    - - no confused with mosses
- - - - called phaeoceros
  - - - but one of the least typical
        
        is a gametophyte
        
        not a sporophyte
  - - - moss is a gametophyte #
- - - - have neither vascular tissues nor seeds
- - - - rhizoids
        
        found at base of stem
        
        small, multicellular trichome structure
        
        don't absorb water or minerals
      - leptoids
        
        species with hydroids usally have letoids
        
        adjacent parenchyma cells, usually cytoplasmic
      - hydroids
        
        found primarily in Polytrichaceae
        
        conduct water, dissolve minerals
    - - mosses
        
        = ubiquitous
        
        in all parts of the world
        
        in almost every environment
      - gametophytes
        
        leafy stems
- - - - sapwood
    - - heartwood
  - - - hardwoods
        
        lacks fibers
      - contains tracheas and/or vessel elements
      - derived from fusiform initials
      - angiosperms wood contain
        
        large amount of fibers
        
        making them strong and tough
        
        useful for construction
    - - schlerids
      - vessel elements
      - tracheids
      - fibers
      - parenchyma
    - - arrangement of cells
    - - tracheids and parenchyma present
      - derived from ray initials
  - - - stronger
      - lower portion of vessels
      - "summer wood"
    - - "spring wood"
      - first time wood is formed
      - high proportion of wide vessels
    - - tell age of tree
        
        one ring=one year
      - growth ring
- - - - parenchyma cells undergo rapid division
        
        produce narrow cells
  - - - trunks don't taper at tips
- - - - cuboidal cells
      - also called phellogen
      - outer bark
        
        all tissues outside innermost cambium
      - inner bark
        
        2ndary phloem
        
        between vascular cambium and intermost cork cambium
      - produced into a mature parenchyma layer
        
        phelloderm
- - - - regular horizontal rows
    - - grouped together in short vertical rows
  - - - Modern Ferns #
        
        many are herbs
        
        present in many species
      - absent in all species
      - Meristems produce 2ndary plant body
      - Gymnosperms
        
        present in all species
      - Eudicots
        
        present in all species
        
        many are herbs
      - Monocots
        
        some anomalous 2ndary growth
        
        Absent in all species
    - - Cells continuously divide instead of maturing
    - - Ray initials
        
        short, less cubodial cells
      - Fusiform initials
        
        Long tapered cells
    - - resume mitosis
      - some mature parenchyma cells
      - Between vascular bundles
- - - - bamboo
      - irises
      - canna lilies
  - - - spiral
        
        leaves not aligned
      - whorled
        
        3+ Leaves per node
      - opposite
        
        two leaves per node
      - decussate
        
        leaves in 4 rows
      - distichous
        
        leaves in two rows only
      - alternate
        
        one leaf per node
- - - - Mass of Parenchyma Cells
  - - - alive= storage
      - but many dead
      - long, with many types
    - - isodiametric
      - dead at maturity
- - - - Consists only of Primary Plant Body
  - - - Bark covered parts
    - - Wood and Bark
  - - - Waterlilies, magnolias, laurels
- - - - Glycolysis
        
        Pyruvate
        
        makes 2 ATP, 2 NADH
  - - - RuBP Carboxylase + O2
        
        and one Phosphoglycolate
        
        Results: one 3-Phosphoglycerate
        
        Instead of CO2
        
        To ribulose- 1,5 bisphosphate
  - - - 28 ATP
    - - Produces 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 1 FADH2
      - Performed twice
    - - Pyruvate
      - In Cytosol and Plastids
  - - - Found in Mitochondria
      - No CO2
      - :no_entry:Cyanide
    - - release stored energy
  - - - In Cytosol
      - In microbodies (glyoxysomes) :smiley:
  - - - Gives erythrose-4-phosphate
        
        Phenylalanine
        
        Tyrosine
        
        tryptophan
    - - Compounds
        
        Anthocyanin Pigments :arrow_lower_right:
        
        Secondary plant walls
        
        Fibers
        
        Sclereids
        
        Wood
        
        Lignin Pigments
- - - - Different Temps
  - - - Active Metabolism
        
        High levels Aerobic Respiration
      - Glands
        
        Secrete proteins
        
        Which secrete waxes
  - - - Roots survive #
    - - O2 not produced
    - - During Daylight :sunny:
      - Produce O2
    - - 98-99% not full of O2
- - - - Holding area for pollen
    - - Projected upward
      - megasproangium surrounded by a layer of tissue
    - - Hole in the integument that permitted sperm to swim to egg
- - - - sequencing entire genomes
- - - - this is a protein
  - - - special enzymes attached to each tRNA
  - - - read genetic message in RNA
- - - - rapidly modify nuclear enzymes
      - transcribed by #
  - - - both sequences of nucleotides
        
        introns dont express
        
        exons codons eventually express
    - - codes for amino acid sequence
        
        which has a promoter
        
        promoter region
        
        protein binding site
        
        synthesis from mRNA from... #
        
        which regulates
        
        a controlling region
  - - - the start codon
        
        AUG
        
        Methionine
      - stop codons
        
        UGA, UAG, UAA
  - - - DNA mostly stored in nucleas
        
        protected from cytoplasm
        
        by nuclear envelope
- - - - Adjusts H2O potential and turgidity
  - - - Based on... #
  - - - as well as the intracellular spaces
  - - - Finger-like outgrowths inner surface
- - - - H2O lost
    - - Widely accepted model of process
    - - H2O lost through cuticle
  - - - conduct cell plasma membranes
        
        permeable to monosaccharides, not polysaccharides
    - - Membrane bound molecular pumps
        
        active transport postulated for important driving forces
    - - receiving sites of phloem sap
        
        extremely diverse
    - - sugar and nutrients transported per hour
    - - sugar and spice into sieve elements
- - - - Only certain substances pass
        
        All lipid cell membranes are differntially permeable
        
        All protein cell membranes are differentially permeable
    - - Solutions diffues
        
        Biological significance
    - - No solutes diffuse
        
        Occur isolation barriers
  - - - From high to low concentraion
- - - - Holds Up Leaf
  - - - Abaxial Side
      - Dorsal Surface
    - - Adaxial Side
      - Ventral Surface
      - Usually Smooth
- - - - layered cells
    - - Lower end of Leaf
  - - - loss of H2O
  - - - Fibers arranged into sheath
    - - Mid-vein
        
        Lateral veins branch :arrow_right:
        
        Mirror Veins
- - - - Grows Outwards
      - Base of Meristem
- - - - 2nd metabolic adaption
  - - - light intesity or brightness
  - - - spongy mesophyll
      - palisade parenchyma
  - - - called PEP (phosphoenolypyruvate) carboxylase
        
        high affinity for CO2
    - - break down called photorespiration
    - - cannot be improved
  - - - plants keep their stroma open
        
        during day
- - - - The Nature of Light
        
        Synthesis of ATP
        
        liquid around thylakoid system
        
        stroma
        
        Photosystem II
        
        phaeophytin
        
        plastoquinone
        
        cyto b6lf
        
        :arrow_lower_left: plastocyanin
        
        P680
        
        Photosystem I
        
        Ferredoxin
        
        small protein (10,500-11,000 daltons)
        
        daltons- weight of one H+ atom
        
        located in thylakoid membrane
        
        P700
        
        Fe4-S4
        
        ferredoxin
        
        ferredoxin/NADPH+ reductase
        
        1 more item...
        
        The Natural Pigments
        
        Accessory Pigments
        
        Carotenoids
        
        Chlorophyll b
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        chlorophyll a
        
        absorbs some red and blue
        
        most everything else passes
        
        Pigment= anything w/ distinctive color
        
        photosynthetic pigments
        
        transfer absorbed light energy
        
        enter chemical reactions
        
        1 more item...
        
        electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves
        
        ultraviolet light tans or burns skin
        
        infrared radiation felt as heat
        
        quanta (quantum for singular)
        
        also called photons
        
        set of waves
        
        1 more item...
  - - - fructose-1,6-biphosphate
        
        minus phosphate =
        
        fructose-6-phosphate
- - - - instead take organic molecules
        
        respire them
  - - - all cyanobacteria
        
        few bacteria capable
    - - assimilate inorganic molecules
        
        in their tissues
  - - - Indirectly
        
        respiration of said compounds :arrow_up:
        
        by organism itself
        
        or another organism that eats it.
      - Directly
        
        Through photosynthesis
        
        =Complex organic compounds
- - - - small proteins contain
        
        heme (cofactor)
        
        which holds iron atom
    - - also like cytochromes
        
        small protein carry electrons
        
        on metal atom (copper)
    - - like cytochromes
        
        transport electrons short distances
  - - - Often Contain lots of O2
        
        (but not always)
    - - Oxidized=
        
        Atom doesn't carry
        
        as many electrons it could
  - - - through Oxidative Phosphorylation
    - - Light Energy
        
        photosynthesis
        
        animals
        
        fungi
        
        nonchlorophyllous plant tissues
        
        :no_entry: photophosphorylation
    - - Biological World
        
        through photosynthesis
- - - - perianth members
    - - many aquatic herbs
      - aquarium plants
    - - large colorful flowers
    - - asparagus
    - - foot and crop
  - - - malvids
      - fabids
      - rose order
    - - santalales
        
        sandalwood
      - caryophyllales
        
        cacti
    - - large clade of eudicots
      - campanulids
      - iridoid compounds
        
        rarely outside the group
      - lamids
  - - - other basal angiosperms and monocots
- - - - rejecting all traces of divine intervention
  - - - UV&Gamma rays from sun
    - - mostly hydrogen
      - second atmosphere
        
        H2O
        
        ammonia
        
        hydrogen sulfide
        
        methane
    - - no limits
- - - - humans change allele frequency of gene pool
    - - new alleles increase frequency
      - existing alleles decrease frequency
    - - events organisms can't adapt
    - - factors that are part of natural selection
        
        intention
        
        purpose
        
        planning
        
        voluntary decision making
      - most significant factor
      - survival of the fittest
- - - - adaptive radiation
        
        species rapidly diverges into many new species over a short amount of time
      - biological reproductive barriers
        
        any biological phenomenon
        
        preventing successful gene flow
      - abiological reproductive barriers
        
        physical nonliving feature
        
        prevents 2 populations from exchanging genes
      - some populations evolve into new
        
        second species
    - - seed dispersal
        
        many have long distance dispersal
        
        some fall close to parent
      - vegetation propagation
        
        species produce small mobile piece reproduce vegetatively
      - pollen transfer
        
        pollen grains carry one full haploid genome
      - gene flow
        
        alleles movement through space
      - one species gradually changed to new species
  - - - May resemble each other
- - - - firmly anchored
        
        slowly contract
- - - - thick layered cells
        
        root apical meristem
    - - behind root apical meristem
  - - - develops from embryonic root
    - - increase absorptive capacities
- - - - developed from megaspores
    - - pollen tube penetrates into the loose, open tissue of the stigma
      - developed from microspores
  - - - central mass of parenchyma
    - - megaspores produced
    - - elevate stigma
    - - catches pollen grains
  - - - anther
      - filaments
  - - - carpels
      - stamens
      - petals
      - sepals
  - - - from megaspores
    - - from microspores