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Digestive/ Urinary System (Layers of the GI Tract (including stomach)…
Digestive/ Urinary System
Major functions of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive System
Ingestion
the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it.
Propulsion and Segmentation
forward movement and mixing of food down the gi tract
Peristalsis
Propulsion by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal
Digestion
the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.
Absorption
Defecation
elimination of indigestible substances
the discharge of feces from the body.
Urinary System
Remove liquid waste from the blood in form of urine
keep stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood
produce erythropoietin
Major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
Major organs
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Accessory digestive organs
gallbaldder
pancreas
liver
Digestive enzymes (names and functions)
LIPASES
Break down fat into three fatty acids plus a glycerol molecule.
AMYLASES
Break down carbs like starch into simple sugars.
PROTEASES
Break down protein into small peptides and amino acids
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecules
Chemical digestion starts in the mouth and continues in the stomach, but most of the process occurs in the small intestine
Absorption begins in the stomach and takes place in the walls of the small intestine
Layers of the GI Tract (including stomach)
Submucosa
Submucosa is mainly connective tissue with enormous blood supply. In villi, submucosa also contain special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals. Digested material from gut is absorbed and then loaded in blood and lymph.
glands
nerve plexuses (meissners plexus)
blood vessels
Muscular Propia (externa): smooth muscle layer
is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis.
peristalsis
Nerve plexus
Mucosa
Mucosa is made up of simple columnar epithelium: in stomach and small intestine the mucosal layer is folded to have secretory glands. Mucosal glands of stomach and intestine secrete digestive juices.
simple columnar epithelium
lines the gi tract
inner layer
Serosa
the tissue of a serous membrane.
outer layer of connective tissue
Stomach
FUNCTIONS
store food
initiate digestion of proteins
kill bacteria with the strong acidity (low pH of the gastric juice)
make chyme
PARTS OF THE STOMACH
Fundus
body
pyloric region (pyloric sphincter)
Nephron anatomy and physiology
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of numerous substances.
The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes. Each nephron has a glomerulus to filter your blood and a tubule that returns needed substances to your blood and pulls out additional wastes.
Nephron is made up of 2 major parts
Renal corpuscle
tubule
Each nephron consists of a blood supply and a specialized network of ducts called a tubule. For each nephron, an afferent arteriole feeds a high-pressure capillary bed called the glomerulus. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus to produce a fluid which is caught by the nephron tubule, called filtrate.
disorders of the digestive and
the bladder
Bladder Cancer.
Bladder Diseases.
Interstitial Cystitis.
Kidney Stones.
Ostomy.
Overactive Bladder.
Urinalysis.
Urinary Incontinence
Enlarged prostate - in men, this can make it difficult to empty the bladder.
Bladder infections - (cystitis) usually caused by bacteria