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PRAGMATICS (study of what speakers mean) (CONTEXT (physical context (where…
PRAGMATICS (study of what speakers mean)
CONTEXT
physical context
where the conversation is taking place,... object....actions...
ex: in the library
epistemic context
what speakers know about the world
linguistic context = co-text
refers to what has been said already in the utterance
ex: I can't believe you said (that).
social context
social relationship among speakers and hearers
ex: "stop bugging me" -> can't talk this to the President
non-linguistic context
outside language (language in real world)
DEIXIS
(deictic expressions which means 'pointing' via language)
person deixis
pointing to things: it, this, these boxes...
people: I, you, he,she...
spatial deixis
place: here, there, near that... come/go
temporal deixis
time: now, then, today,...
PRESUPPOSITION
(tiền giả định)
what the speaker assumes is true or known by a listeners
SPEECH ACTS
direct speech acts
direct relationship between a structure and a function (straight)
Ex: declarative -> a statement
indirect speech acts
required inference
Ex: declarative -> command
performative speech acts
change the state of affairs of the world
FACE
(public self-image)
positive face
is the need to be a member of a group
negative face
the need to be independent...
POLITENESS
face threatening acts
face saving acts
INFERENCE
(suy luận)
connect what listeners hear/read to intended meanings
IMPLICATURE
Conversational Maxims
Maxim of quality
Maxim of relation
Maxim of quantity
Maxin of manner
flouting (intentionally violate)