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Communicable Diseases (Communicable Disease
Is one that can be…
Communicable Diseases
Communicable Disease
- Is one that can be transmitted from one person to another and is caused by an infectious agent that is transmitted from a source or reservoir to susceptible host
Infectious Disease
- Is one that's caused by infectious agent
Non-Communicable Disease
- Also called non-infectious diseases
- Example: Heart disease
Communicable Disease
- Also called infectious diseases
- Pass through direct / indirect contact
Direct
- Blood borne or sexual: HIV, Hepatitis B,C
- Inhalation: TB, flu
- Food borne: E.coli
- Contaminated water: Cholera, rotavirus, Hep A
Indirect
- Coughing, sneezing
- Vector borne: Malaria
Zoo notic diseases
- Animal handling and feeding practices
Direct transmission
- Direct contact
- Vertical transmission
- Droplet infection
- Animal bit transmission
- Contact with soil
Indirect
- Air-borne
- Vehicle borne
- Vector-borne transmission
- Fomite-borne
- Hand-borne
Pathogens
- Disease causing agents (bad germs)
Vectors
- Disease causing organisms that carry pathogens from one host to another
- Example: Mosquitoes transmit malaria and ticks lyme disease
Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Appeared for the first time
- Or appeared in populations where they have not before
Reemerging Infectious Diseases
- Familiar diseases
- Well understood
- Once under control or declining but now resistant to drugs
Conditions that favour spread of infectious diseases
- Global travel
- Food supply and processing
- Population growth, over crowing
- Migrations, wars, famines, natural disasters
- Irrigation, deforestation
- Human behaviour, drugs, sex
- Increased use of antimicrobial agents
- Increased human contact with wilderness habitats
How its spread?
- Agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transport
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
Elimination
- Reduction to zero in a defined geographic area as a results of deliberate efforts (continued intervention measures required
Eradication
- Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts (intervention measures no longer needed)
Extinction
- Specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or the lab
Fundamental control of CD
- Rapid assessment
- Prevention
- Surveillance
- Outbreak control
- Disease Management
Primary prevention
- Increasing the resistance of the host
- Inactivating the agent
- Interrupt the chain of infection
- Restricting spread of infection
- Isolation
- Quarantine
- Segregation
- Personal surveillance
Secondary Prevention
- Activities targeted at detecting disease at earliest possible time to:
- Begin treatment
- Stop progression
- Protect others in the community
- Examples - case finding, health screening, health education
Tertiary Prevention
- Limits the progression of disability
- Treatment of symptoms and rehabilitation vary with each specific disease
Eradication
- Immunisation and vaccination
- Drug therapy
- Community training
- Health education
- National disease surveillance efforts
Body's primary defences against diseases
- Skin
- Keeps out harmful germs
- Produces sweat to kill some pathogens
- Mucus Membrane
- Cells that line nose, mouth, throat trap germs
- Cilia
Body's secondary defence
- Fever
- Temp slows multiplication of pathogens
- WBC
- Special cells that kill pathogens
- Chemical barriers
- Reflexes
- Blinking, coughing and sneexing
Common types of pathogens- Bacteria
- 100mil fit into a grain of sand
- Most common pathogen
- DO NOT cause disease
- Reproduce throat cell division
- Strep throat, lyme disease
- Virus
- All consisdered parasites
- Smallest and simplest of all micro-organisms
- Can only live on living cells
- Tricks human cells to reproduce more viruse
- Chicken pox, cols, flu, measles HIV/AIDS
- Fungi
- Live off non-living things
- Include molds, yeast and mushrooms
- Live in warm moist places
- Ring worm, athletes foot
- Protozan
- Harmless
- One cell
- Grows in water
- Malaria
Schistosomiasis
- 2nd most prevalent tropical disease in Africa
- Parasitic worms in skin
- Snails in water carries
- 200mil infected
- 20,000 deaths
- Worms inhabit intestine
- Blood in urine
- Impaired growth an development
- Poor cognition
- Bladder cancer
- Kidney, liver, spleen malfunction
Nutritional consequences of parasitic infection
- Schistosomiasis
- Colon
- Blood loss
- Iron deficiency
- No nitrogen salvage
- Protein deficiency
- Hookworm
- Trichuriasis
- Ascariasis
- Fat, Vit A, Iodine & protein absorption & lactose digestion