Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

geography (essential features of maps (scale (we use scale to shrink or…

- - - - border- an outline or box drawn outside the box
        
        orientation- an indication of direction, usually shown from a north arrow or compass rose
        
        legend- an explanation of the symbols, colours and patterns used on the maps ( also known as the key)
        
        title- a recording that describes the map and what is it showing.
        
        scale - a way of indicating what distances on the map represented in the real world. scale can be shown in three different ways: as a written scale, line scale or a ratio.
        
        source - where the information used to create the map comes from, if these details are not known, simply write source: unknown: if you have created the map from your own data, simply write source: "own map", or source:
        ( add your own name)
- - - - latitude- lines that run from east to west and are also known as parallel lines
      - longitude
        lines that run from north to south and are refereed to as the meridians
- - - - An example of a natural disaster is a landslide. A landslide is the action of rock, debris and earth on a tilted part of land which is carried by the force of gravity.
      - Landslides are the most common type of natural disaster that occurs in mountain landscapes and are also common in river valleys. There is a variety of reasons why a landslide can occur, the two main reasons being when the soil slips from steep slopes due to when an earthquake occurs in the same area and weathering which is rock deteriorating which causes fragile, landslide susceptive substances. The movement of land slides can vary from rapid and fast to as slow as a few centimetres a year.
      - There are four types of landslides: soil creep, slumping, mudslides and avalanches.
        • Soil creep- the slowest type of landslide and can last for many years. Soil creep landslides are soil, rocks and earth moving down a soft slope. Due to being the slowest type of any landslide, the people in the area are typically unaware.
        • Mudslides- are caused by fast thawing earth, heavy rain, earthquakes or volcanic activity. Like when sides of an active volcano’s snow starts to melt forcing it to mix with soil and rocks creating mud which falls downhill. The mud can have speed up to 80 km an hour and can be up to 50 metres thick which could bury towns and villages, potentially killing many people. Mudslides are also sometimes referred to as lahars.
        • Slumping- the movement of bigger areas of rock and soil down a curved, steep slope. These segments slip down the exterior of the slope to different degrees, frequently generating a number of different levels, called scraps.
        • Avalanche- snow moving down a steep mountain in a rapid rate. Making them the fastest types of landslides.
- - - - places are parts of the earth's surface that are identified and given meaning by people. a place can be as small as your bedroom or as large as the entire planet
      - places can be natural or built
      - the environment and social qualities of a place all influence the way we live.
      - For indigenous Australians, place also has a deep spiritual meaning. their sense of identity comes from their relationship with place.
      - geographers use the concept of place when conducting any geographical inquiry
      - for example a geographer studying Perth would use the concept of place to understand why people originally settled there, how the city was built and how it has changed over time
      - just as place influence people, people influence place. the way in which we live, & the actions we take, change the place we live in.
    - - to most people space means the empty universe but to a geographer it has a different meaning. Geographers investigate the way that things are mapped and arranged on the earth surface
      - the concept of space helps geographer to this. it has three main elements:
        location- where things are located on the earth's surface. spatial distribution- the shapes and patterns in which things are arranged on the earth's surface by people
        *organisation- now and why things are arranged and managed on the earth's surface by people
      - the concept of place and space can be difficult to separate, but it will help if you remember that places can be divide into space
    - - the world in which we live in is made up of many environments, some environments are natural while some are physical
      - today there are very few truly natural places left on earth
      - human environments not only affect natural features (such as soil, plants and animals); they also affect the climate
      - most environments on earth are now a combination of natural and human feature
      - the study of environments environments helps geographers analyse the changes humans make to the natural environments and better appreciate their impact so that they can be managed more widely
    - - geographers use the concept of interconnection to better understand the complex link between natural and human process
      - place and people can be linked in many different ways that can be categorized as:
        
        natural processes, such as the water cycle and food chain
        
        human activity, such as movement of people, the production and trade of goods and the flow of investment and money within and between different countries
      - the earth;s living system ( such as climate, plants, animals, oceans, soils, atmosphere and energy) all function together and are interconnected
    - - the concept of sustainability relates to the ongoing concept capacity of earth to maintain life. this means developing ways to ensure all resources on earth are used and managed responsibly so they will still be there for the future generations. many of the world resources ( such as oil, coal and natural gas) are non-renewable resources and on day they will run out
      - other resources ( like wind, forests, sunlight and water) are renewable or can be replaced to meet the need of society
      - sustainability encourages us to think about these types of resources and take greater care of the earth. actions to improve sustainability can operate at a number of levels:
        
        local - recycling of paper by individuals , schools and households reduce the number of trees that are cut down
        
        nationals- in Australia the government has encouraged sustainable use of energy though establishment of wind forms and hydroelectric power plants and use of solar panels.
        
        internationals- effort to protect endangered whale species around the world have attracted media attention and focused opinions on maintaining breading grounds, free of large whaling vessels.
      - sustainability is important is An important concept for geographers. They use it to investigate how the natural and human system works
    - - earth is constantly changing. the concept of change is important in geography because it helps us to understand what is happening around us. change can be caused by a natural process or by human processes
      - change takes places in many different levels, from personal and local to national and global
      - global warming, for example, is a long term change that happens slowly. global warming has widely spread effects that are not easily explained
      - sometimes changes can be positive, such as the conservation of plants and animals at the national parks, while other changes can be negative consequences such as the deforestation of native rainforests in indoneia
    - - geographers study things that take place on many spatial levels- meaning from small areas. Scale is an additional concept used to guide geographical inquiries
      - local such as the inquiry into the daily visitors to a neighborhood, skate park and whether it's facilities meet the needs of visitors
        
        regional- such as the inquiry into the types of visitors staying at composites and tourist parks in Western Australia
        
        national- such as the inquiry into the yearly tourist numbers visiting national parks in Australia (such as Nambung national park). including the impact theses visitors have on our national parks and the way in which these parks are managed.
        
        international- such as an inquiry into animal poaching in natural parks and wild life reserves in different countries across Africa
        
        global- such as an inquiry into he use of all marine parks around the world and how well they protect endangered species
- - - - There are also a copious amount of different types of landscapes with different types of characteristics and landforms like:
        
        • Coastal landscapes- where land mass meets the sea. Beaches, cliffs, dunes, bays, lagoons, platforms, spits and cliffs are all features that can be found in a coastal landscape. Tsunamis, floods and typhoons are all example of natural disasters that could potentially occur in a coastal landscape
        
        • Karst landscapes- formed when bedrock is worn away by slightly acidic water. These flows of water result in different features like caves, sinkholes, springs and stalactites. Floods and slope movement are all events that can occur in this landscape.
        
        • Mountain landscapes- where land is pushed up in a vertical orientation with tectonic plates, which over time develops mountains. Mountains can group together, form ridges and can stand alone. Mountains also rise above their surroundings. Some examples of natural disasters that could occur in mountain landscapes include avalanches, rockfalls and landslides.
        
        • Arid landscapes such as deserts which are locations that experience little precipitation, receiving no more than 250 millimeters of rain per year. Arid landscapes contain some of the world’s most uninhabitable areas and covers about a third of the earth’s surface. Some natural disasters like drought are common in these areas
        
        • Riverine landscapes which is made by the natural movement of a water system, like a river. Farming is excellent near a riverine because the land near it is very fertile and rich, making it great for agriculture.
        
        • human landscapes- unlike the natural landscapes listed above human landscapes are manmade and provide evidence of human occupation and settlement. They commonly include some natural geographical features in its design, like mountains and harbours but some establishments of human landscapes can result in and cause demolition and destruction of natural landscapes.