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Chapter 1 : Properties of Solutions (Solutions and Solubility (Solubility…
Chapter 1 : Properties of Solutions
Factors Affecting Solubility
Temperature: When the temperature increases, solubility increase (kinetic energy increase), except cerium sulfate
Pressure(gases): When pressure increases, more collisions of the gas molecule per unit time with the surface of the solvent so the solubility increase.
Solute-Solvent interaction: Ionic bond, Hydrogen bond, Dipole-dipole, London dispersion forces (strength increases)
Gas liquid system: (Henry's Law) Sgas=kHPgas(constant T) where Sgas is the solubility of the gas , Pgas is the partial fraction of the gas above the solution and kH is Henry's Law constant
Solid liquid system: Qsp>Ksp, precipitate will form Qsp<Ksp no precipitate will form
Quantitative Ways of Expressing Concentration
Parts per Billion(ppb)=mass(solute)/mass(solute+solvent) x 10^9
Mole-fraction(x)=moles(solute)/moles(solute+solvent)=1
Mass percentage=mass(solute)/mass(solute+solvent) x 100%
Molarity(M)=Mol of solute/Volume of solution(in L)
Parts per Million(ppm)=mass(solute)/mass(solute+solvent) x10^6
Molality(m)= Mol of solute/mass of solvent(in kg)
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Boiling point elevation
Change in temperature =Kbmi, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant which depends on the solvent, m is the molality of the solution and i the number of particle formed when compound dissolved
Freezing point depression
Change in temperature=Kfmi, Kf is the freezing point depression constant which depends on the solvent, m is the molality of the solution and i the number of particle formed when compound dissolved
Vapor pressure lowering
Psolution= XsolventP
solvent, Psolution is the vapor pressure of solution, Xsolvent is the mole fraction in the solution, P
solvent is the vapor pressure of pure solvent
Change of P=P*solvent-Psolution
Osmotic pressure
(3.142)=MRT M is the molar concentration , R is the ideal gas constant and T is temperature in kelvin
Solutions and Solubility
Solubility : Maximum amount of solute that dissolves completely in a given amount of solvent at particular temperature
Solute : Dissolved substances in liquid solution
Saturated solution: contain maximum amount of dissolved solute at particular temperature
Unsaturated solution: It has more capacity to dissolve more solute
Solvent : Can be gas , liquid or solid
Solution : Solvent+Solute (Homogeneous)
Dissolution: Process of dissolving a solute in a solvent
Supersaturated solution: contain more than the equilibrium amount of dissolved solute.