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Water system (marine ecosystem contents (Nearshore system (salt marshes,…

- - - - light
      - temperature
      - wind
      - chemistry
        
        oxygen
        
        phosphorus
    - - bacteria
      - algae
      - zooplankton (invertebrates)
      - vertebrates
        
        fish
        
        amphibians
        
        frogs
        
        salamanders
        
        reptiles
        
        snakes
        
        turtles
        
        alligators
        
        waterfowl species
  - - - unidirectional flow
      - in a state of continuous physical change
      - High degree of spatial and temporal heterogeniety at all scales
      - High variability between lotic systems
      - Biota is specialised to live with flow conditions
    - - Abiotic factors
        
        Waterflow
        
        Light
        
        Temperature
        
        Chemistry
      - Biotic factors
        
        Biofilm
        
        Bacteria
        
        Algae
        
        phytoplankton
        
        periphyton
        
        invertebrates
        
        insects
        
        mollusks
        
        snails
        
        limpets
        
        clams
        
        mussels
        
        crustaceans
        
        crayfish
        
        amphipoda
        
        crabs
        
        Fish & other vertebrates (see: lentic system)
  - - - inundated by water
        
        permanently
        
        seasonally
      - vegetation of aquatic plants adapted to the unique hydric soil
      - functions
        
        water purification
        
        water storage
        
        processing of carbon & other nutrients
        
        stabilization of shorelines,
        
        support of plants and animals
    - - flora
        
        habitat for invertebrates
        
        submerged vegetations
        
        underwater flowers
        
        long stems - to allow the flowers to reach the surface
        
        provide a food source for native fauna
        
        possess filtration capabilities
      - fauna
        
        fish
        
        Amphibians
        
        reptiles
        
        birds
        
        mammals
        
        insects & invertebrates
      - factors affecting biota
        
        fertility
        
        salinity
        
        duration of flooding
      - algae
        
        Plankton (microscopic, free floating)
        
        Filamentous algae (form floating mats)
        
        Chara and Nitella (look like submerged plants with roots)
    - - flow into wetlands
        
        groundwater
        
        precipitation
        
        surface water
      - flow out of wetlands
        
        subsurface water outflow
        
        evapotranspiration
        
        surface runoff
      - categorisation
        
        palustrine (isolated)
        
        riverine (streams)
        
        lacustrine (lakes/reservoir)
      - hydrodynamics
        
        affects hydro-periods (temporal fluctuations in water levels) by controlling the water balance and water storage within a wetland
      - hydrochemistry
        
        O2 and CO2 concentrations of water depend on
        
        temperature
        
        atmospheric pressure
        
        determined by
        
        the pH
        
        salinity
        
        salinity levels can be heavily influenced by calcium or magnesium.
        
        nutrients
        
        conductivity
        
        soil composition
        
        carbon
        
        sulfur
        
        phosphorus
        
        nitrogen
        
        "Anaerobic and aerobic respiration in the soil influences the nutrient cycling of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and the solubility of phosphorus thus contributing to the chemical variations in its water."
        
        hardness
        
        the sources of water
    - - temperature
      - Precipitation
    - - Major Anion Analysis: (HCO3-,Cl-,NO3-,SO42-)
      - Major Cation Analysis (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+)
      - pH
      - Conductivity- Conductivity increases with more dissolved ions in the water
      - Turbidity
      - Dissolved Oxygen
      - Temperature
      - Total Dissolved Solids
    - - Marine and Coastal Zone wetlands
        
        Marine waters—permanent shallow waters less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays, straits
        
        Subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, seagrasses, tropical marine meadows
        
        Coral reefs
        
        Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs
        
        Sand, shingle or pebble beaches; includes sand bars, spits, sandy islets
        
        Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats
        
        Intertidal marshes; includes saltmarshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes, tidal brackish and freshwater marshes
        
        Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipa swamps, tidal freshwater swamp forests
        
        Brackish to saline lagoons and marshes with one or more relatively narrow connections with the sea
        
        Freshwater lagoons and marshes in the coastal zone
        
        Non-tidal freshwater forested wetlands
      - Inland wetlands
        
        Permanent rivers and streams; includes waterfalls
        
        Seasonal and irregular rivers and streams
        
        Inland deltas (permanent)
        
        Riverine floodplains; includes river flats, flooded river basins, seasonally flooded grassland, savanna and palm savanna
        
        Permanent freshwater lakes (> 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes
        
        Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes (> 8 ha), floodplain lakes
        
        Permanent saline/brackish lakes
        
        Seasonal/intermittent saline lakes
        
        Permanent freshwater ponds (< 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation waterlogged for at least most of the growing season
        
        Seasonal/intermittent freshwater ponds and marshes on inorganic soils; includes sloughs, potholes; seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes
        
        Permanent saline/brackish marshes
        
        Seasonal saline marshes
        
        Shrub swamps; shrub-dominated freshwater marsh, shrub carr, alder thicket on inorganic soils
        
        Freshwater swamp forest; seasonally flooded forest, wooded swamps; on inorganic soils
        
        Peatlands; forest, shrub or open bogs
        
        Alpine and tundra wetlands; includes alpine meadows, tundra pools, temporary waters from snow melt
        
        Freshwater springs, oases and rock pools
        
        Geothermal wetlands
        
        Inland, subterranean karst wetlands
      - Human-made wetlands
        
        Water storage areas; reservoirs, barrages, hydro-electric dams, impoundments (generally > 8 ha)
        
        Ponds, including farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks (generally < 8 ha)
        
        Aquaculture ponds; fish ponds, shrimp ponds
        
        Salt exploitation; salt pans, salines
        
        Excavations; gravel pits, borrow pits, mining pools
        
        Wastewater treatment; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins
        
        Irrigated land and irrigation channels; rice fields, canals, ditches
        
        Seasonally flooded arable land, farm land