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Al-Qaeda (Week 4) (Social movements theory (waves (acces to resources…
Al-Qaeda
(Week 4)
Social movements theory
early work
protests = infectious mob mentality
waves
acces to resources & structure
both combined
grievances = actor shape perception
grievances & social conditions
shaped by dualism
rationality vs. emotion
structural vs. political factors
cultural vs. social construction
fields
sociology
political science
economics
social psychology
limitations
drawn from study of progressive, left wing groups
if opportunities important what about situation in dictatorship
if social ties important what about high vs. low context societies
political Islam
criticism
state with full control of life = every Islamic practice political
Islam prescribes social behaviours = hard to make difference between politics and religion
history
Muslim Brotherhood
transnational Islamist movement
Egypt 1920s
political activism and charitable work
Sayyid Qutb
founding father of jihadism
executed in Egypt 1966
Islam = political movement => islamis state
opposed secular nationalism
Afghanistan
Soviet invasion
defeat
Jihadist: defeated superpower
US
reality
withdrew
internal struggle
just jihad
just war theory (West)
defensive jihad
subsequent conflict jihadist draw parallels (ligitimisation)
consequences
training and combat experience
transnational networks of support
many fighters returned home
new roles in movment
some fighters had to stay
had to keep fighting
1990: Islamic conflicts
countries
Algeria
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Pakistan
Russia
Afghanistan
more Salfi-Jihadi ideology exported by Saudi Arabia
religious nationalist movements
focused on local agendas
still defensive jihad
but shaped by globalisation
internationalisation
(1993-2001)
new generation of militants
(Western go to Afghanistan)
nominally
students
immigrants
refugees
converts
Al-Qaeda
no fully formed ideological doctrine
borrowed from existing discourse
rationalized own existence (Holbrook)
"golden age"
after 2001
War on Terror
Western campaign decimated organisation
seal fate of Islamist groups around world
isolated from sponsors
change from organisation to idea
Us vs. them
Arab Spring