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flowers and reproduction (flower structure and cross pollination (animal…
flowers and reproduction
classification and systematics
biomes
seed plants II: Angiosperms
seed plants I: seed plants without flowers
vascular plants without seeds
nonvascular plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworms
community ecology
populations and ecosystems
population genetics and evolution
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the structure of ecosystems
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the structure of populations
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plants in relationship to their habitat
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interconnectedness of species
keystone species
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food web
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food chain
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metapopulations in patchy environments
metapopulation
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beneficial interactions between species
facilitation
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mutalism
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predator-prey interactions
apparent competition
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competition between species
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one predator, one prey
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diversity
diversity and latitude
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diversity and scale
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division anthocerotophyta: Hornworms
the sporophyte generation
cannot be grown without gametophyte
typically 1 to 2 cm tall
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above foot is meristem
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the gametophyte generation
symbios
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numerous chambers
shaped like a ribbon or heart
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always thin
division hetatophyta: liverworsts
the sporophyte generation
do not undergo mitosis
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little varialbilty
the gametophyte generation
thallose liverworst
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leafy liverworst
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division bryophyta: mosses
metabolism and ecology
found in mostly wet niches
cannot go long without water
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small size
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lack of conducting tissue
the sporophyte generation
sporophyte
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zygote
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the gametophyte generation
reproduction
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development
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water transport
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morphology
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classification of nonvascular plants
three divisions unknown on ancestry linkage
characters of nonvascular plants
alternation of heteromorphic generations
reproductive cells surrounded by sterile layer
embryophyts with no vascular tissue
the microphyll line of evolution: lycophytes
extant genera
selaginellas
ligule
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contain prostrate rhizomes
short upright branches
true roots
small herbs
heterospory
dominated earth
extensive forest
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sporangia clustered together
protection
strobili
cones
morphology
could not grow thicker than 10cm
single well developed vascular tissue
enations were large
increased photosynthesis
the term "vascular Crytogams"
a level of evolutionary advancement
a grade
the megaphyll line of evolution: euphyllophytes
ferns
single axis sporophyte
leaf gap
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leaf trace at each node
can be found in most habitats
unusual
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lakesides
forests
shady
moist
leptosporangiate ferns
dominate earth at present
equisetophytes
small leaves
little vascular tissue
no secondary growth
usually less than 1m tall
15 extant species
scouring rushes
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horsetails
origin of megaphylls
distinct homoplasic structures
megaphylls
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enations of zosterophyllophyts
leaves on gametophytes
trimerophytes
pseudomonopodial branching
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single main trunk
overtopping
different sized branching
pertica
psilophyton
trimerophton
early vascular plants
zosterophyllophytes
distinct characteristics
xylem was an exarch protostele
sporangia open transversely
sporangia were lateral
no secondary growth
small herb
rhyniophytes
xylem structure of early vascular plants
end arch protostele
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xylem with no pith
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end of branches swollen
large multicellular masses
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equal dichotomous branching
branches equal size
division gnetophyta
three groups
welwitschia
short, wide stem
exist only in deserts
only species
ephedra
tough shrub
dry, arid environements
40 species
gnetum
native to warm, moist environements
broad leaves
mostly vines
30 species
division ginkgophyta: maidenhair tree
weird characteristics
female trees
butyric acid
foul odor
no cones produced
ovules produced in pairs instead
large broad leaves
wood like confier
lacks vessels
appears like a large dicot
many branches
stout trunk
division cycadeoidophyta: cycadeoids
cycadeoids
contain
megasporangium
curved upwards
microsporophylls
vegetative features similar to cycads
all extinct
division cycadophyta: cycads
prefer warm climates
similar to seed fern internally
instead cycads produce
pollen cone
seed cone
pinnately leaves
stout trunk
confused with ferns
division pteridosspermophyta: seed ferns
wood
less dense
softer
thought to have come from aneurophytales
three ribbed protostele
earliest seed fern
Upper devonian period
division coniferophyta: conifers
seed cones
compound cones
cone bracts
axillary bud that bears megasporophylls
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one or two large veins
transfusion tissue
facilitates the transfer of material
always simple
scales
simple needles
all trees are large
division progymnospermophyta: progymnosperms
evolution of seeds
micropyle
hole in integument
permitted sperm cells to swim to egg
integument
megasporangium surround by tissue
archaeopteridales
derived progymnosperm
archaeorteris
pith surround by ring of primary xylem
8.4m tall
aneurophytales
secondary growth
vascular cambium
small and tall
eudicots
asterid clade
orders
campanulids
lamiids
iridoid compounds
stamens alternate petals
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few stamen
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sympetalous flowers
ptunia
periwinkle
sunflowers
rosin clade
presence of pinnately compound leaves
malvids
fabids
basal eudicots
santalales
mistletoes
mostly parasitic
caryophyllales
perisperm
surrounds embryo
betalains
spinach
cacti
monocots
dioscoreales
tubers
small order
one family
asparagales
septa
septal nectaries
camels fusing side by side
diverse
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large
liliales
petaloid
11 families
1300 species
alismatales
air chambers
aquatic herbs
commelinoid monocots
zingiberales
house plants
poales
fed to live stock often
include wheat, oats, etc
grass family
arecales
solitary trunk
3500 species
palms
basal angiosperms
single germination pore
uniaperturate
clades
austrobaileyales
nymphaeaceae
water lillies
stem submerged in water
amborellacae
classification of flowering plants
angiosperms
basal angiosperm
reproductively different
eudicots
monocots
parallel veins
one cotyledon embryo
changing concepts about early angiosperms
ranalean flower
generalized
carpels
stamens
petals
sepals
relictual
the current world biomes
tropical biome
tropical grasslands and savanna
termites are abundant
mostly flat topped
best known in Africa
lower rainfall
tropical rainforests
high temperature
high precipitation
rain everyday
close to equator
polar biome
Boreal coniferous forests
completely across alaska and canada
northern
arctic tundra
persistant moisture
low evaporation
low precip
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few dry regions
dry temperate biome
alpine tundra
highest point of tree life
usually shorter as low oxygen
scrubland and woodlands
shrublands
similar but with shrubs
no trees
woodland
spaced out forest
no closed canopy
grasslands
support a type of fungus
good for grazing animals
midwest of the US
moist temperate biome
southeastern evergreen forests
fire disturbance
rapid drainage of water
higher precipitation
warmer winters
temperate deciduous forests
tall, broadleaf deciduous trees prominant
warm, not hot, summers
cold winters
Drier Montane and subalpine forests
montana forests
bottom of the rocky mountains
occur at base of mountain range
Temperate Rain Forests
allows for long term growth
natural disasters are rare
long lived conifers
continental drift
past positions of the worlds continents
mesozoic era
tethys sea formation
splitting of pangea
new plants formed
no evidence of glaciers
climate may have warmed
supercontinent
pangaea
middle and late palezoic era
silurian period
NA and Eurasia collide
Laurasia is formed
cambrian period
southern hemisphere
Gondwanaland
warmer climate
present position of the worlds continents
land masses in good positions
water transfer to the poles
decreases sea level
regions latitude
determines climate of region
world climate
oceanic distribution of heat
four giant circular currents
counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere
clockwise in the northern hemisphere
atmospheric distribution of heat
continental climate
desert islands
too small to affect air
usually dry
high temperatures cause evaporation
cool high air
water collects
falls back as precipitation
transfer heat outward from equator
effects of earths tilt
gives us seasons
days vary throughout the year
some areas get more sun than others
tilted to 23.5 degrees
other types of classification systems
classification systems for fossils
artificial systems of classification
cladistics
cladograms and taxonomic categories
understanding cladogram
diagram
evolutionary patterns
levels of taxonomic categories
family
the levels above family
order
class
division
kingdom
contains genus
polyphyletic group
similar but not related
monophyletic
same ancestor
inheritance of acquired characterstics
wrong method
binomial system of nomenclature
easier to log plants
genus
species are grouped in this
species
cross breading not viable
only interbreeding
most fundamental category
fruit types and seed dispersal
classification of fruit types
indehiscent fruits
don't open and release seeds
dehiscent fruits
release seeds
fleshy
eaten for seed dispersal
dry
not normally consumed
true fruits and accessory
simple fruit
fused ovaries of one flower
accessory fruit
nonovarian tissue present
true fruit
only ovarian tissue
flower structure and cross pollination
ovary postion
inferior ovary
receptacle tissue
protected from pollinators
wind-pollinated flowers
less patels
use towards growth
conserve energy
animal-pollinated flowers
all sources to look inviting to animals
shapes
smells
flowers
monoecious and dioecious species
essential organs
carpels
stamens
stamen and style maturation time
self fertilization
stopped if anther and stigma
mature at different rates
stigma and pollen incompatibility
compatibility barriers
chemical reactions
pollen and carpels, prevents pollen growth
cross-pollination
genetic variation
pollination of carpel
different individual
sexual reproduction
fruit development
three layers
entire fruit wall
pericarp
endocarp
mesocarp
exocarp
ovary
fruit
ovule
seed
fertilization
angiosperms
endosperm nucleus
triploid
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts
gametes
gametophytes
megagametophyte
central cell
polar nuclei
two
embryo sac
8 haploid nuclei
microgametophyte
pollen tube
generative cell
small lens shaped
vegetative cell
small and simple
flower structure
complete flower
carpels
stamens
petals
sepals
end of axis
receptacle
stalk
pedicel
none
become woody
secondary growth
the plant life cycle
syngamy
fusion of two gametes
spores
diploid
gametes
zygote
egg
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sperm
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asexual reproduction
fragmentation
each portion is self sustaining
large vine like plant
self sufficient
