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Digestive & Urinary System (Alimentary Canal (Pharynx (Oropharynx…
Digestive & Urinary System
Digestive System
Gastrointestinal, alimentary canal, or digestive tract-continuous tube running from mouth to anus for passage of food
Accessory Organ-Supply secretions such as enzymes, saliva, mucus, etc.; aiding in the breakdown of food
Teeth-hardest substance in the body, functions to mechanically breaks down food into smaller pieces
Enamel-hard outer layer of teeth
Dentin-middle layer of bone-like living tissue under enamel
Gingiva-gums
regions
crown-part of tooth above gums
root-anchored under gums
types
deciduous-baby teeth ( 20 )
permanent-adult teeth ( 32 )
Incisors-most anterior, for cutting
cuspids or canines-lateral to incisor; for tearing and shredding
premolar and molars-sides and back teeth; grinding
Salivary glands- produces saliva to moistens food into bolus
Gastric Glands
Goblet Cells-produce muscus
chief cells-produce pepsinogen
Pepsinogen-in presence of hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin-protein digesting enzyme in stomach
Parietal cells-produces HCI and intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor-needed for absorption vitamin B 12 in stomach
Digestive Processes
Ingestion-taking in of food through the mouth
Propulsion and Segmentation- forward movement and mixing of food down the GI tract
Peristalsis-propulsion by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal
Digestion-process of breaking down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
Mechanical digestion-physical breakdown of food by cutting and grinding
Chemical digestion-requires enzymes
Absorption-Transport of digested end product into blood and lymph through the wall of GI tract
Defecation-elimination of indigestible substances
Wall of GI tract
Mucosa
Mucous membrane-produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
Epithelium-varies by location, nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus and anus, protection against friction
Muscularis mucosae-two twin
Pulp-softer inner structure, contains nerves and blood vessel, supporting ligament, connective tissue that attaches teeth to jaw bone
Lamina Propria-areolar connective tissue, contains blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
Submuscosa
Areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel, many elastic fibers to retain shape
Submucosal Plexus-autonomic nerve supply, glands and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis or muscular layer
Inner circular layer-squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves
Outer longitudinal layer-shortens intestine
sphincter-voluntary muscle, also external and sphincter is skeletal muscle
myenteric plexus-nerves
Serosa-outer covering of the GI tract
Serous Membrane-composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium, produces serous fluid for lubrication
Alimentary Canal
Mouth-Opening into the oral cavity
Oral Cavity-area enclosed by the teeth and lips
Pharynx
Oropharynx-located posteriorly to mouth, passage for food, water and air
Larnyngopharynx-inferior to oropharynx, involved in deglutition, forcing bolus from mouth to esophagus
Esophagus-collapsible tube runs from the pharynx to stomach, pass through diaphragm, food transported by peristalsis, no digestive function, only passage for food
Stomach-located left of the abdominal cavity in left hypochondriac region, food enters at the cardio esophageal sphincter, food empties into duodenum of small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
Rugae-internal folds of stomach mucosa, storage tank for food, food mixes with gastric juice to make chyme
Regions
Cardiac region-near heart
Fundus-dome shaped, filled with gas
Body-main portion
Pylorus-funnels shaped end
Pyloric Sphincter-controls food leaving stomach and entering small intestine, only absorption that occurs is water, alcohol, some vitamins, and aspirin
Small intestine-Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve, chemical digestion of fat begins
Regions
Duodenum-first portion of Si attached to stomach chemical digestion
Jejunum-middle section, main site of nutrient absorption
ileum-end portion, connected to cecum, some absorption
Villi of SI-fingerlike structures that increase surface area for absorption
Large Intestine-site of absorption of water and electrolytes; produces vitamins, eliminates indigestible food from body as feces
Regions
Cecum-first out pocketing of the LI; attached to small intestine; site of appendix attachment
Colon-ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
Rectum-stores feces until it is defecated
Feature-contains tenia coli
Haustra-bulges or pockets along LI
Anus-Eliminates feces from rectum to exterior, defecation controlled by sphincters
Internal- made of involuntary smooth muscle
External-voluntary skeletal muscle, presence of feces in rectum triggers defecation reflex
Urinary System Pt 1
Kidneys-regulating your water volume, concentrations, and PH levels, influencing your red blood cell production and blood pressure
Renal cortex-outermost
Renal Medulla-a set of cone-shaped masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac-like tubules
Renal Pelvis-innermost, a funnel shape tube surrounded by smooth muscle that uses peristalsis to move urine out of the kidney into the water and into the bladder
Urinary System Pt 2
Urination-all mammals, most animals, urinate to remove Toxins and to help maintain water-volume Homeostasis or blood pressure
Urine-5% Solutes 95% water contains over 3000 different chemical compounds, and their varying levels of concentration
Leukocytes: Pyuria Urinary tract infection
Glucose-glycosuria diabetes mellitus
Erythrocytes-hematuria bleeding in the urinary tract