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Aggression (Defining Aggression (Baron (1977) (Aggression has 3 elements…

- - - - Intention to harm the victim
      - The victim must be a living thing
      - The victim must be motivated to avoid being harmed
- - - - Interference with an expected attainment of a desired goal on hostile (emotional) aggression
      - Aggression was always caused by some kind of frustrating event or situation; conversely, frustration inevitably lead to aggression.
      - Predicts a cause-effect relationship between frustration, aggression and catharsis
    - - Did a revised hypothesis. Frustration is only one of many types of unpleasant experiences that can lead to aggression. There are unpleasant experiences which create 'negative affect' in the individual. It is these feelings and not particularly frustration that triggers the aggression
      - Such aversive conditions include: pain, disgusting scenes, high room temperatures, and irritable cigarette smoke
- - - - Tested 36 boys and 36 girls between the ages of 3 and 6. They pretested the children and judged their aggressive behaviour on a 5-point rating scale
      - The children were split into three groups, 12 boys and 12 girls in each group. One group had an aggressive model, another had a non-aggressive model, and the last was a control group which had no model
    - - Children with the aggressive model made far more imitative aggressive responses than those who had the non-aggressive model or in the control group
      - Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex models than girls. The evidence for imitating same-sex models is not strong
      - Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls. There was little difference in the verbal aggression between boys and girls
      - Supports his 1963 social learning theory. Children learn social behaviour such as aggression through the process of observation learning - through watching the behaviour of another person.
- - - - Goal directed
      - Beneficial to the individual/species
      - Adapted to a normal environment
      - Shared by most members of the species
      - Developed in a clear way as the individual matures
      - Unlearned from the basis of individual experience
    - - It's in our nature to be aggressive as it has survival value
      - An animal is considerably more aggressive towards other members of its species as a means of distributing the individuals and/or family units to make the most efficient use of available resources, such as food, territory, and mating
      - Extends this biological explanation to humans, suggesting that we have inherited this fighting instinct. However, the survival value is much less clear than is for other animals
        
        Survival value is unclear as we lack well-developed killing appendages (sharp teeth, claws) so clearly recognisable appeasement gestures seem not to have evolved or disappeared over the course of evolution
        
        Implication for this is: once we start being violent we don't know when to stop because we don't have appeasement gestures; and in order to kill we have to resort to weapons
      - Negating Studies
        
        Bushman, Baumeister and Phillips (2001)
        
        Study 1: people who had been induced to believe in catharsis and venting anger responded more aggressively than did control ppts to insulting criticism, but this aggression was eliminated by the mood-freezing pill
        
        Study 2: similar results among people with high anger-out (i.e. expressing venting anger tendencies)
        
        Study 3+4: questionnaire data consistent with these interpretations
        
        Study 5: replicated the findings of studies 1+2 using measures more directly concerned with affect regulation
        
        Altogether, these results suggest that many people may engage in aggression to regulate their own affective states
        
        Some ppts were given a fake mood-freezing pill that makes affect regulation efforts ineffective.
        
        Veronica and Sullivan (2008)
        
        Told ppts that the experiment was about investigating the effects of environment on task performance
        
        They measured blood pressure and aggression behaviour. The heart rate was recorded before and after the ppts administered the aggressive or nonaggressive behaviour
        
        There was a reduction in heart rate after aggressive but not nonaggressive responses. This was only the case for those who were not exposed to the impersonal stressor. The most intense aggression in a subsequent block of trials was predicted by heart rate reductions
        
        Studies show that Lorenz's theory was no entirely accurate but his does not mean that there is not a biological basis for aggression
      - Supporting studies
        
        Twin studies suggest the idea of a biological basis for aggression isn't necessarily incorrect, but we must be weary of factors that influence whether the behaviour manifests
        
        Raine (1993)
        
        Identical twins are more concordant for criminality than fraternal twins. A review was done of all twin studies of crime conducted up to 1993 and it showed that all 13 studies of crime show greater concordance rates for criminality in MZ as opposed to DZ twins
      - Catharsis refers to the process of using our behaviour as an outlet or release for pent-up emotion