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P3 Energy Resources (Wind and Water Energy (Wind Power (Wind Turbines…

- - - - wind passes through turbine blades on top of a tall tower
        
        turbine rotates a generator
        
        power generated increases as wind speed increases
    - - winds speeds < 5m/s don't generate electricity
  - - - does not use fuel
  - - - waves move a floating turbine in a rocking motion
        
        balancing float and buoyancy chamber keeps it afloat
        
        turbine turns an axel connected to generator
        
        electricity delivered by cable to grid system onshore
    - - needs to withstand storms
      - lots of cables and building to connect to wave generator to electricity grid
        
        spoils coastline
    - - no constant supply of electricity
    - - wave generator could affect tidal flow patterns
  - - - (rain) water collected in a reservoir on top of hill
        
        water flows downhill to turn turbines and generators at the bottom
      - Pumped Storage Systems
        
        water collected in a reservoir at bottom of hill
        
        water pumped back to top when electricity demand is low
        
        used to meet sudden surges in electricity demand
        
        little start up time
    - - ugly
      - dam takes up large space
        
        forces people to move homes
        
        floods habitats
      - landslides
  - - - positioned in river estuaries which funnels a high tide
        
        water from tides are trapped behind a barrage
        
        water is released back into the sea through turbines
        
        turns turbines at bottom of barrage
        
        space needed to build a barrage across river
        
        significant difference in water level at high/low tide
        
        broad estuary rapidly becomes narrower up river
      - tidal flow passes through underwater turbines on the sea bed
        
        underwater cables delivers electricity from generator to national grid
    - - flooding
    - - only generates energy 2 times a day (tides)
      - tides irregular throughout the year
- - - - turbine turns an electricity generator
        
        steam is condensed at cooling towers and recycled back to boiler
  - - - fossil fuels obtained from long-dead biological material
        
        Non-Renewable
        
        fossil fuel reserves will be used up
        
        oil and gas runs out in 50 years
        
        coal will last longer
        
        Pollution
        
        Greenhouse Gases released
        
        Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS)
        
        stop carbon emissions into atmosphere from power stations
        
        carbon dioxide stored in old oil and gas fields
        
        expensive
        
        Carbon Dioxide is causing global warming
        
        coal has highest emissions (gas is least)
        
        Sulphur Dioxide released
        
        natural gas has sulphur impurities removed before burning
        
        only coal and oil release sulfur dioxide
        
        causes acid rain
        
        Cheap
  - - - biofuels obtained from (recently) living organisms
        
        Renewable
        
        can be replaced at the same rate it is used up
        
        biological source regrows
        
        rubbish/ sewage are continually produced
        
        Carbon-Neutral
        
        living organisms take in carbon as CO₂
        
        this balances the carbon released when biofuel is burnt
  - - - nucleus of an unstable atom splits in two and releases energy
        
        lots of unstable atoms in the reactor core transfers heat
        
        a coolant liquid is pumped through the reactor core
        
        coolant flows to heat exchanger to heat water
      - releases more energy per kg than burning fossil fuels
      - Expensive capital costs
        
        build and run
        
        decommissioning out of use stations
    - - cannot be replaced
    - - needs to be stored safely for centuries
    - - radioactive material released over wide area
        
        unsafe for many years
  - - - Base Load Demand
        
        a constant amount of electricity provided
        
        Nuclear power stations
        
        Coal-fired power stations
      - Variable Demand
        
        meets daily variations and extra demand in winter
        
        Gas-fired power stations
        
        Pumped-storage schemes (hydroelectricity)
      - Renewable energy resources
        
        used in peak demands
        
        used when conditions are suitable
        
        storing energy in pumped storage schemes at low demands
    - - Nuclear (longest)
        
        tends to be left on all the time
        
        hard to turn on and off
      - Coal
      - Oil
      - Gas (shortest)
        
        emergency power in peak demands
- - - - Solar Cell
        
        directly transfers sun's energy into electricity
        
        Solar Cell Panel
        
        lots of solar cells connected
        
        used in remote areas with no access to National Grid
        
        powers small electrical devices (e.g. calculators)
        
        Unreliable
        
        unavailable at night or with cloud coverage
        
        10% efficient
        
        need to cover large areas to generate lots of power
        
        expensive to install but cheap to run
      - Solar Heating Panel
        
        transfers sun's energy to heat water flowing though the panel
        
        hot water for domestic use
        
        can be used even when cloudy
      - Solar Power Tower
        
        flat mirrors reflect sunlight onto a water tank on a tower
        
        water is heated and produces steam
        
        steam drives turbines to turn generators to generate electricity
        
        mirrors controlled by computers to track the sun
        
        generates lots of power
  - - - energy heats surrounding rocks and transfers by heating to Earth's surface
        
        Geothermal Power Station
        
        located in areas of volcanic activity or hot rocks
        
        cold water pumped into hot rocks underground to produce steam
        
        steam drives electricity turbines at ground level
        
        reliable
        
        geothermal energy can heat buildings directly
        
        ground source heat/ heat flow heats water in underground pipes
        
        hot water pumped to buildings (e.g. under-floor heating)