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Properties Of Solutions (1.1 Introductions to solutions and solubility…
Properties Of Solutions
1.1 Introductions to solutions and solubility
Unsaturated - contains less than the maximum amount of
dissolved solute
Supersaturated - contains more than the equilibrium amount
of dissolved solute
Saturated - contains the mximum amountof dissolved solute
at a given temperature in the presence of
undissolved solute
Solution - formed when one substance disperses uniformly
throughout one another : homogenous mixture
Solvent - dissolving medium
Solute - dissolved substance in liquid solution
1.2 Factors Affecting Solubility
Solute - solvent interaction
The higher the attractions between solute and solvent molecules, the higher the solubility
LDF < Dipole - dipole <Hydrogen bond < Ionic bond
Temperature
The solubility of solid solutes in water increases with increasing
The solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing tempaerature
Pressure
Gas-liquid : -Sgas = kHPgas -
-S1/P1 = S2/p2
Liquid - liquid : Miscible - when everything mixes completely
Immiscible - whent two layers is formed
Solid-liquid : KsP = solubility product
Qsp > Ksp : precipitate will form
Qsp < Ksp : no precipitate will form
1.3 Expressing Concentration
Mole fraction :
Mole percent : mol of component in solution/total mole of
solution x 100%
PPM & PPB :
Molarity :
Molality
1.4 Colligative Properties of Solutions
Vapour Pressure lowering
Raoult's Law : Psolution = Xsolvent P
solvent
Total P = P
solvent - Psolution
comparing more than 1 volatile component
Ptotal = XaPa + XbPb
Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
Boiling point : total Tb = iKbm
Freezing point : total Tf = iKfm
bm - molality of the solution
Osmotic Pressure
The movement of a solvent from low solute concentration to high solute concentration through semipermeable membrane
pi = MRT
M = n/v
