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Chapter 14 (14.1-14.2 (The lymphoid system is composed of All of the Above…
Chapter 14
14.1-14.2
- The lymphoid system is composed of All of the Above
- A foreign invader that may cause disease is called a(n) Pathogen
- The primary function of the lymphoid system is production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
- The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
- Flow through lymph vessles resembles flow through veins
- Lymph nodes Monitor the contents of lymph by removing debris and pathogens AND act as a "check station" for cancer cells
- In general, lymphocytes spend little time in the blood, have a relatively long life span and are not evenly distributed in the lymphoid tissues
- The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels enter and exit is called the hilum
- Are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx Tonsils
- The white pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of macrophages
- Lymphoid organs are different from lymphoid tissues in that lymphoid organs are separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not
- The Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ, contains nodules similar to other lymphoid nodules, and contains lymphocytes
- The red pulp of the spleen is a storage site for red blood cells
- Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the thymus
- Lymph differs from plasma in that plasma contains more protein than lymph
- Lymphatic vessels that exit the lymph node are called efferent lymphatic vessels
- Lymph reenters the venous system at the right and left subclavian veins
- Lymph nodules are composed of loose connective tissue containing densely packed lymphocytes
- The role of the spleen is slightly different than other lymph organs because it also filters blood
- The thymus gland is positioned just behind the sternum
14.5-14.6
- T cells are responsible for cellular immunity
- The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a membrane protein that can recognize foreign antigens
- Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing substances that alter Cell membranes
- Cells that help to regulate the immune response are helper T cells
- In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must bind to specific receptors on a lymphocyte membrane
- Unnecessary immune responses to antigens are allergies
- Immunoglobulins that are the largest class and are mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgG
- Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions are IgE
- The immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta are the IgG
- Immunoglobulins that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are IgM
- Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are IgA
- The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in neutralization of an antigen, agglutination or precipitation, complement activation and destruction of the antigen
- B cells primarily activated by the activities of Helper T cells
- Antibodies cause which of the following reactions agglutination, precipitation, neutralization and opsonization
- This immunoglobulin is responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins IgG
- This immunoglobulin functions to attack bacteria insensitive to IgG IgM
- The function of this immunoglobulin is to attack pathogens before they enter body tissues IgA
- The chemical mediators responsible for killing tumor cells, stimulating T cell activity, and inhibiting parasites and viruses are termed tumor necrosis factors
- This class of chemical mediators stimulates the production of both microphages and monocytes GM-CSF
14.4
- T cells are responsible for Cellular immunity
- The cells primarily respnsible for immunity are lymphocytes and macrophages
- Which of the following is a specific body defense immunity
- Immunity that results from antibodies ingested from breastmilk is which type of immunity Passive natural
- In active artificial immunity, the body makes a memory of the attack
- Which of the following secretes antibodies Plasma cells
- The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the B cells
- The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the NK Cells
- Newborn infants gain most of their immunity from antibodies passed from the mother across the placenta
- Humoral immunity is the responsibility of the B cells
- In an experiment situation, a virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies for the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to help deal with the same viral disease. This would be an example of active immunization
- Blocking the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes would interfere with Antigen recognition
14.3
- Major events associated with inflammation include redness, swelling, heat and pain
- The body's nonspecific defenses include skin, complement, interferon, and inflammation
- Special lymphocytes that are part of the nonspecific defenses are called NK Cells
- Inteferons may be described as products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages, antiviral substances, an example of cytokines and coordinators of local defense activities
- Virus-infected cells release interferon
- The first line of cellular defense against pathogens phagocytes
- Which of the following contains visible granules in its cytoplasm neutrophils
- The most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are neutrophils and monocytes
- The least numerous leukocytes are basophils
- Which of the following is the LAST step in inflammation phagocytosis
14.7-14.8
- Unnecessary immune responses to antigens are allergies
- The human immunodeficiency virus that causes the disease known as aids selectively infects helper T cells
- Infection with HIV virus occurs through intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids
- Which of the following is an autoimmune disease rheumatoid Arthritis
- One of the most common cancers seen in AIDS patients is Kaposi's sarcoma
- Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include T cells becoming less responsive to antigens, more cytotoxic T cells responding to infections, increased number of helper T cells, and higher levels of antibodies after initial exposure to antigens
- With advancing age, the immune system becomes less effective at combating disease.
- The increased incidence of cancer in the elderly reflects the fact that immune surveillance declines with age