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Booklet 4 (The Course of the 3rd Crusade ((May 1189: The German crusaders…

- - - - Joined the First Crusade late - set sail in July 1099 with an armada of 200 vessels. Landed at Jaffa in 1100. Assisted at Sidon and Haifa and were rewarded with street and marketplace in Acre.
      - A further fleet was sent in 1122 (the Venetian Crusade) and attempted to take Corfu from the Byzantines, destroyed the Fatimids at Acre and assisted the capture of Tyre in 1124 (they were given ⅓ of tyre)
      - Another fleet joined the Third Crusade and participated in the Siege of Acre
    - - A deal struck with Enrico Dandolo (the doge)
      - Venice would provide the supplies e.g. transports to carry 500 horses, 9000 squires, 4500 knights and 20000 foot sergeants, 50 armed galleys and food in exchange for 85000 marks (twice the annual income of the French crown at the time)
    - - Enrico Dandolo
        
        Blind and in his 90s
        
        8 years in charge of Venice
        
        Had made Venice the pre-eminent trading nation
        
        Had the interests of Venice at heart.
  - - - He made changes to the recruitment process: insisted crusaders must serve two years in the east; someone could finance someone else to join the crusade on their behalf; only officially approved preachers could spread the message of crusade.
      - These rules meant that they had fewer volunteers
      - He also did not target German lands because of a dispute with the Emperor
      - As the lords that went on crusade came from the tournament at Ecry they felt little loyalty to the Pope whilst on crusade and he was not seen as head of the expedition
    - - Did not coordinate with the Pope
      - Decided to travel by sea and secretly agreed to attack Egypt on the way to the Levant but did not tell the majority of the crusaders of this plan
      - Villehardouin and the lords told the Venetians to prepare for the transport of 33,500 men with horses, equipment and food supplies. Only 13,000 arrived.
      - Count Thibaut of Champagne died in May 1201 leaving Count Boniface of Montferrat as leader who lacked the same leadership qualities and amount of men.
    - - The Doge pledged to make the resources needed for the crusade for the price of 85,000 marks and half whatever property that was taken during the Crusade. He stopped the rest of the work for Venice for a whole year to achieve this.
      - He refused to let the Crusaders leave without paying and threatened to cut off their food and drink
      - He offered to postpone payment by the crusaders if they attacked the Christian city of Zara, insisting that the city belonged to Venice
      - He took the cross himself and prevented the papal legate from sailing with the fleet
      - Many crusaders refused to attack Zara but the city fell quickly anyway
    - - Prince Alexios had escaped after Alexios III forced Isaac II from the throne. He put a proposal to the crusaders that if they helped him regain his throne he would place the Byzantine Empire under the spiritual authority of the Pope (ending the schism) and pay 200,000 silver marks
      - This would break the oath the crusaders had signed after taking the city of Zara not to attack any other Christian cities.
      - Prince Alexios persuaded them it was their Christian duty to restore Isaac as the throne had been taken by force and assured them he had support in Constantinople (this did not turn out to be the case)
      - Once installed as co-emperor with Isaac II it was clear Alexios could not honour the money he had promised or the promise of church unification
      - He then stopped paying the money he owed and insulted the Doge. A member of the nobility took advantage of the instability to seize the throne as Alexios V. He refused to continue feeding the crusaders, leaving them with little choice but to attack