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Impact of Crusades (The Impact of the second Crusade by 1149 (Latin West,…
Impact of Crusades
The Impact of the second Crusade by 1149
Outremer
Melisende and Baldwin
Melisende didn't want to give her son regency of kingdom
went to civil war in early 1150s
Failure = questioned crusader ideology + meant no more crusades until 1187
failure to take Damascus = plan to attack Ascalon but only Conrad took this seriously + he left in September 1184
Byzantine Empire
Suspicious of Raymond
Raymond was meant to give Antioch when he got Aleppo
Couldn't be sure of this b/c attacked failed
Had plans to attack Aleppo and keep it as well as Antioch
Agreed alliance against Roger of Sicily w/ Conrad
Muslim near east
Nureddin
Franks attack on Damascus that failed would mean that Damascus would be firmly Nureddin's
Came into power after Zengi died
Loss of Edessa to Zengi
power shift in Northern Syria b/c Edessa was buffer zone
boosted morale and jihad
Latin West
Failure = only fall of Jerusalem would lead to third crusade in 1187
Bernard blamed sins of humanity + punishment from god for failure of second crusade (just worked)
Louis returned w/ little gain but more reputation for piety
Frederick Barbarossa (under Conrad) would gain reputation on second crusade that would be useful in third
The Impact of the first crusade by 1099
The Byzantine Empire
Land
Return of Southern Anatolian coast
meant more stability during his reign b/c of income
went after crusaders in Anatolia taking previously owned lands
Relations w/ crusaders
Provided for them during the crusade
This stopped at Antioch (Stephen of Blois told him to turn back)
This would create dispute over ownership of Antioch w/ Bohemond
Was suspicious of them from the start
took oaths of allegiance from crusader leaders
Bohemond had fought for land against the empire
too many volunteers
The Muslim Near East
Why they wouldn't be bothered
saw crusaders as Byzantine force + not different religious army
Fatimids
Peed off that they had lost Jerusalem
Godfrey launched preemptive attack on Ascalon garrison in defense
Defeated them by surprise + sent them back to Egypt
made immediate response by gathering troops in Ascalon
Syria
Preacher in Damascus called for response but was not listened to
Kerbogha returned to Mosul + wouldn't bother crusaders
Ridwan + Duqaq had just been defeated by Crusader's = couldn't retaliate
Baghdad didn't want to help them b/c didn't care about Jerusalem
The Latin West
Crusade of 1101
returning cowards (Stephen of Blois) signed up as well
surge of enthusiasm
reluctant non-participants of first crusade signed up
Return of crusaders
Crusaders came back w/ relics
Most crusaders went home after visiting holy sites + were welcomed as heroes
Catholic church
didn't end Investiture Controversy but raised prestige of Church
said victory was God smiling on Catholic church
Impact of Third Crusade
The German Crusade of 1197
Aimery of Lusignan
had to negotiate peace with al-Adil
al-Adil to keep Jaffa and franks to keep Beirut and Sidon
Isabella's new husband
German actions
attack on Toron came to inconclusive end + then Germans left worried about succession
HRE Henry died in MEssina
Germans still remained to their credit
took Beirut and Sidon
al-Adil in response took Jaffa
left Isabella without husband
King Henry of Champagne sent reinforcements but died whilst reviewing troops in palace courtyard
3 groups left
16 000 reached OUtremer
Henry meant to deal with business in MEssina and then follow
King's main troops reached northern Syria in Autumn
Norther Germans sailed via portugal and Messina
April: first group left w/ Papal legate to Cyprus and then on to Acre
Pope Celestine III gave indulgences and appointed papal legate
Motives for the Crusade
Relationship with Byzantium alright after FB's travels through there
Isaac had been deposed by his brother but reconciliatory acts towards Rome = wants close union with Western Church
HRE had already started domination of Mediterranean + land in Outremer would add to this
Henry = FB's son
1193 al-Adil renewed the truce with Franks so fighting against Muslims wasn't a main cause
Capture of King Richard
meant that Henry had hold in the East and his possession of Sicily (through marriage to Constance) meant he had springboard to get there
part of the terms of his ransom was giving Cyprus to Henry
after he returned Duke Leopold captured him and he was given to Emperor Henry
Sent envoys to Constantinople to insist on Greek support
availability of ports and ships + some Greek troops
Annual tribute during crusade: Alamanikon
good quality roads for his troops
The Teutonic Knights
later donations meant they could play similar part to other military order in Levantine politics
Hospitallers protested b/c it was there job to take care of the sick
Chancellor of Hospitallers took control of Teutonic knights = military order
During Third Cursade Germans founded hospital sponsored by Frederick of Swabia
Saladin's power and prestige
His image
In west songs written about his fight with Richard the Lionheart
After his death mourned widely
Chivalrous
actually sold many into slavery
freed inhabitants of Jerusalem
Impact on the Muslim World
Proved that united front against franks could be successful
Created Ayubbid dynasty
although sons fought over inheritance dynasty would last for 100 years
Egypt along Red Sea into N Syria
Captured Jerusalem
Franks would never be as secure in the near east again
as a leader
whilst disunited = chances of gaining Jerusalem were slim
was able to carry on Nureddin's work of uniting Muslim World to fight against Franks
his death meant Muslim world had lost a remarkable leader