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What is socialisation? (Primary socialisation (Parsons - refers to…

- - - - Main agency of primary socialisation. Functionalists see the female as the expressive leader who is mainly responsible for the nurturing/socialisation of children
  - - - Refers to those of similar age. Much of the free time of children/teenagers is spent with their peers
      - Often more important than parents in shaping the identity of young people because young people want to be liked/be popular with their peers so they have a strong desire to conform. This can sometimes lead them into trouble as influential peer role models may lead them into committing delinquent/criminal acts. If children/adolescents fail to conform to peer group norms, they may be bullied
      - Sewell - young people prefer to spend their free time in 'cultural comfort zones' - they prefer to 'hang around' with those from similar backgrounds
    - - Media sociologists - casual violence/anti-social behaviour is increasing in society because young people are increasingly exposed to violent images on television/in films/in computer games
      - Feminist sociologists - media has negative influence over female identity because media representations of femininity are over-sexualised & are too often focused on an ideal body-image which over-emphasises thinness/fat-shaming. Argued that girls often suffer anxiety about their bodies/suffer from eating disorders
      - Media sociologists have neither proved/disproved view that media socialisation is the sole cause of young people's use of violence/anti-social tendencies
    - - Christian religion in the UK was a key agent of socialisation. Christianity promoted social values which became the moral/ethical codes that people used as guidelines to shape behaviour
      - Major decline in Christian church attendance as well as belief in Christianity. Prompted some sociologists to claim that religious socialisation is no longer influential today
      - Not all religions are in decline in the UK. Britain is a multi-faith community
      - Religious moral codes still shape laws/everyday behaviour/attitudes towards abortion/divorce/euthanasia/homosexuality
    - - Overlaps with peer group because children/adolescents mainly encounter their peers at school
      - Hidden curriculum
        
        Produces conformity
        
        Marxists Bowles & Gintis - schooling stands in 'the long shadow of work' which means pupils are unconsciously socialised into norms/values. Preparing working-class children for their future adult roles as factory/manual workers
    - - Workplace is a key agent of socialisation for adults who spend most of their adult years going to work on a daily basis
      - Teaches workers skills/socialises them into the formal rules that underpin organisations. These formal rules will be backed up with formal sanctions