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Unit 3: Why had International Peace collapsed by 1939? (International…
Unit 3: Why had International Peace collapsed by 1939?
International Peace Collapse
Hitler became chancellor (1933)
▫ Von Papen & Hindenburg turned to Hitler, appointing him as Chancellor
↳ they believed they could control Hitler + get him to do what they wanted
Germany leaves the LoN (1933)
▫ Hitler's excuse: Germany already disarmed, while others refused to
Hitler became Fuhrer (1934)
▫ Hidenburg dies: Hitler declares himself jointly president & head of army
Conscription reintroduced (1935)
▫ introduced universal military service
↳ any man between ages of 15-45 was eligible
Remilitarisation in Rhineland (1936)
▫ Hitler ordered his troops to openly re-enter the Rhineland --> should re-treat if France showed the slightest hint of making military stand against him
Hitlet's Foreign Policy 2.0
1st Anschluss attempt (1934)
▫ Germany failed in its attempt to unify Austria with Germany
:one: Hitler blamed for Dolfuss' assassination
:two: Hitler surprised by Mussolini's reaction
↳ 100,000 soldiers were sent to Austrian borders
2nd Anschluss attempt (1938)
▫ Austrian Nazis support union between Austria & Nazi G
▫ caused a problem for Austrian leader, Schuschnigg
↳ he organised a plebiscite (independent Austria or Nazi Germany) --> Hitler did not want to risk the vote against him
↳ Mar 11th: Germany invaded Austria; no resistance
Policy of Appeasement
▫ Fear of communism: British politician saw Hitler as a useful ally & Germany as a buffer against the spread of communism
▫ Economic depression: huge debt and mass unemployment = GB could not afford war
Sudeten Crisis (Feb 1938)
▫ Hitler demanded self-determination for all Germans
↳ Anschluss: Sudeten Nazis caused strikes & riots --> direct threat to Czech
Munich Conference (Sep 1938)
Germany, France, Italy & UK
:one: Sudetenland transferred to Germany
:two: Czech's new frontiers guaranteed by 4 powers
:three: Czech & USSR not invited
↳ had to accept outcomes
Hitler's Foreign Policy
▫ Destroy ToV and restore German power and pride
▫ To create a german empire in which all german speaking people/unite all germans
▫ Seek living space in the east
▫ Defeat communism
Saar Plebiscite (1935)
▫ Advantage to the Nazi Party
▫ Effective propaganda playing on the fear of communism
▫ 90.3% voted to return to Germany
Spanish Civil War (1937)
▫ Battle between the the right wing and the left wing after left wing government was elected
▫ Hitler practice military for WW2 (perfected the Luftwaffe, dive-bomb technique)
▫ Gave Hitler greater confidence in his military capabilities
↳ Formed a coalition Mussolini and Hitler = Rome and Berlin axis
Appeasement: Justification
Yes
▫ Chamberlain was trying to avoid a war at all costs
▫ USA was not prepared to support a European war
No
▫ Chamberlain = foolish: he trusted Hitler and was naive
▫ Appeasement encouraged a bully: Czech should have been protected
Nazi Soviet Pact (Aug 1939)
▫ between Germany & USSR
:one: communist beliefs: no difference between fascism & western democracies (evil capitalists: potential enemies)
:two: war was inevitable: always be on the winning side