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Historiography (Facts (literacy rates improved (rural areas: 21% (1897) to…
Historiography
Alexander II
W. Bruce Lincoln
autocracy was in no way altered by Alexander's reforms, and power still resided solely with the autocracy
Marxist historians
serfdom was becoming less profitable for the nobility. Emancipation was a way to increase profit for the nobles
A J Reiber
the emancipation of the serfs was necessary to strengthen and modernise the army after their defeat in Crimea
Hugh Sutton-Watson
'Alexander II stood at the crossroads between autocracy and liberal development, by sought an unrealistic compromise between the two'
David Saunder
'Reforms were poorly executed, incomplete and insecure but nonetheless transformed Russia and took progressive steps'
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Bloody Sunday
Richard Charques
the events of Bloody Sunday 'did more than perhaps anything else during the whole of the reign to undermine the allegiance of the common people to the throne'
Trotsky
'a constitution has been given, autocracy remains'
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1917 Revolution
Stalin
'all practical work in connection with the organisation of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of comrade Trotsky'
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General Quotes
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Witte
peasants were used to such shocking conditions that the factories could have awful working conditions and low wages and they'd still see it as a blessing
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Orlando Figes
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'doctors, teachers and engineers formed professional bodies and began to demand more influence over public policy'
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'here were the roots of the monarchy's collapse... in the growing conflict between a dynamic public culture and a fossilised autocracy that would not concede or even understand its political demands
when the Tsar denounced the list of political demands by the progressive zemstvo leaders (1894) and emphasised his autocratic right in a speech instead
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Facts
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1860-1914: number of university students rose from 5,000 to 69,000
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no. public institutions rose from 250 to over 16,000
this and the development of schools and universities meant the nationalist movement was an elite urban movement
literacy rates improved
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'the link between literacy and revolution is a well-known historical phenomenon. The three great revolution of modern European history - English, French, Russian - all took place in societies where literacy was approaching 50%. Literacy promotes the spread of new ideas and enables the peasants to master new technologies and bureaucratic skills' [Figes]
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Marxism appealed to Jews - promised to assimilate them into the movement of universal human liberation
therefore, many Jews were leaders of the Social democratic movement (Trotsky, Martov, Axelrod, Kamenev, Zinoviev)
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peasants moved to cities
forced by poverty, overpopulation and the growing cost of rent in gland
accelerated in 1890s by famine and Witte's (finance minister) industrialisation and railway construction