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Digestive and Urinary System Mia Gonzales period 6 (Urinary System…
Digestive and Urinary System
Mia Gonzales
period 6
Regions of the Stomach
cardiac region
near heart
fundus
dome shaped, filled with gas
pylorus
funnels shape end
pyloric sphincter
controls food leaving stomach and entering small intestine
Alimentary Canal
also called gastrointestinal tract
extends from mouth to anus
passage for food
Mouth
contains teeth, salivary glands, tonsils, and tongue
mechanical digestion by the teeth by mastication (chewing)
mixing of food with saliva by the tongue to make bolus (ball of food)
chemical digestion by salive produced by salivary glands, digetion of starch begins
Stomach
located left of abdominal cavity in left hypochondriac region
only absorption that occurs is water, alcohol, some vitamins, and aspirin
rugae- internal fold of stomach mucosa
j-shaped, acts as a storage tank for food
mechanical digestion by churning (smashing and mixing of food) of stomach muscle
chemical digestion- breakdown of protein begins
Esophagus
collapsible tube runs from the pharynx to stomach, pass through diaphragm
located posteriorly to the trachea
no digestive function, only passage for food and water
Pharynx
oropharynx- located posteriorly to mouth, passage for food, water, and air
laryngopharynx- inferior to oropharynx
involves in deglutition, forcing bolus from the mouth to esophagus
Small Intestine
regions of SI:
duodenum- first portion of SI attached to stomach, chemical digestion
jejunum- middle section, main site of nutrient absorption
illeum- end portion connected to cecum, some absorption
peristalsis and segmental movement mix chyme with digestive enzymes
site of nutrient absorption into blood and lymphatic vessels
where most chemical digestion of all foods occur by enzymes produced by accessory organs
chemical digestion of fat begins
Large Intestine
Large Intestine site of absorption of water and electrolytes; produces vitamins
eliminates indigestible food from body as feces
regions of LI:
cecum- first outpocketing of the LI; attached to small intestine; site of appendix attachment
colon- ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
rectum- stores feces until it is defecated
features of LI
contains tenia coli (longitudinal muscles)
haustra- bulges or pockets along LI
movement is slow and sluggish in the LI except for 3-4 mass peristalsis movement per day toward rectum
Anus
eliminates feces from rectum to exterior
defecation controlled by sphincters
internal- made of involuntary smooth muscle
external- voluntary skeletal muscle
presence of feces in rectum triggers defecation reflex
Digestive Accessory Organs
aid in digestion but not a pathway for food
involved in mechanical and chemical digestion of food
found in mouth, stomach, intestines, also includes liver, pancreas,and gall bladder
Gastric Glands
goblet cells- produce mucus (provide protective lining against stomach acid)
chief cells- produce chemical called pepsinogen
pepsinogen, in presence of hypochloric acid (HCL), converts pepsinogen to pepsin
pepsin- protein digesting enzyme in stomach
parietal cells- produces HCL and intrinsic factor
intrinsic factor- is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in stomach
Intestinal Glands
secrete intestinal juice (mixture of fluids)
duodenal glands- alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid
enzymes in duodenum digest all foods groups but requires neutral pH to work
Teeth
teeth- hardest substance in the body, functions to mechanically breaks down food into smaller pieces
anatomy of teeth:
pulp- softer inner structure; contains nerves and blood vessels
Gingivi- gums
supporting ligament- connective tissue that attaches to jawbone
dentin- middle layer of bone-like living tissue under enamel
enamel- hard outer layer of teeth
regions of teeth:
crown- part of tooth above the gums
root- anchored undergums
types of teeth:
deciduous- baby teeth (20)
permanent- adult teeth (32) (excluding wisdom teeth)
incisors- most anterior, for cutting
cuspids or canines- lateral to incisor; for tearing and shredding
premolars (2) and molars (3)- sides and back teeth, grinding
Pancreas
located behind stomach surrounded by duodenum
produces digestive enzymes lipase (digests fat or lipids), pancreatic amylase (carbohydrates like starch), and trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteins)
releases enzymes into duodenum
Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin
Salivary Glands
produces saliva (mixture of 90% water, and mucus) to moistens food into bolus
contains salivary amylase- digest starch
three pairs of glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
Liver
largest gland/organ in body; made of four lobes
located inferior to diaphragm
functions for storage for glycogen, fat soluble vitamins, and iron
produces bile (emulsifies fat/ breaks it down into small fat droplets)
Gallbladder
pear-shaped organ; located on the underside of liver on the right side of abdominal cavity (right hypochondriac region)
stores bile (produced by liver) and released into duodenum when needed
Walls of the GI tract
from the most inner layer or lining to the exterior
mucosa (in contact with passing food)
submucosa
muscularis or muscular layer
serosa
Urinary System
does all the important homeostatic
regulating your water volume, ion salt concentration, pH levels
Main purpose: filters toxic leftovers from body
Kidneys
has 3 layers:
outer cortex
medulla- cone-shaped masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac-life tubules
renal pelvis- funnel-shaped tube surrounded by smooth muscle that uses peristalsis to move urine out of the kidney, into the ureter, and into bladder
Kidneys have to maintain a constant rate of flow inside of them known as glomerular filtration rate (or known as how much blood passes through the glomeruli every minute
Endocrine system has a lot to say about your bathroom breaks
Have strong hormonal mechanisms that affect how often you go and as it happens both caffeine and alcohol inhibit the release of one of these hormones called antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to help the body retain water and stay hydrated
Bladder
A hollow collapsible sac that temporarily stores urine and like the kidneys it’s retroperitoneal located posteriorly to pubic bone and anterior to the rectum
Bladder consists of 3 layers
Inner mucosa- surrounded by a thick muscular layer
Consists of transitional epithelium which allows the bladder to expand so it can hold more urine
When empty, it collapses into a triangular shape, folding up and itself like a deflated balloon then as urine accumulates, the bladder thins and expands into a pear shape and all those folds disappear
Detrusor- surrounds inner mucosa layer
Outer membrane the fibrous protective outer membrane that wraps around detrusor
Digestive process
Propulsion and segmentation- foward movement and mixing of food down the GI tract
Peristalsis- propulsion by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal
Digestion- process of breaking down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
Mechanical digestion- physical breakdown of food by cutting and grinding
Chemical digestion- requires enzymes
Enzymes needs to get involved to break it down into even smaller pieces
Absorption- transport of digested end product into blood and lymph the wall of GI tract
Small enough to pass through small intestinal wall then moves from intestine into blood or lymph. Be carried to the cells where it is needed
Ureters
Once the urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the ureters
Frequencies and strengths of these peristaltic waves varies depending on how fast your urine is being produced
Cell membranes are generally not that permeable to water but in parts of the nephron that reabsorbed water like the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water has to move easily through cells from the filtrate into the blood
This is possible because of special protein channels in the membranes called aquaporins that are both on apical or filtrate facing side and the basal or capillary facing side of the cells
Production of urine must by its very nature be influenced by blood, specifically it’s volume and it’s pressure
Urethra
Single tube which carries urine from the bladder to the urinary orifice
Nephron
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
made up of the renal corpuscle and the tubules
renal corpuscle can be subdivided into the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule
the tubules are split into the proximal tube, the loop of henle, the distal tubule and the collecting ducts.
Glomerular Capsule
Outer part of corpuscle is a cup-shaped feature
Endothelium of these capillaries is very porous so they allow lots of fluids, waste products, ions, glucose, and amino acids to pass from the blood into capsule
Bowmans capsule
part of the membrane of the bowmans capsule make us the filtration barrier.
It is also responsible for collecting the filtrate and conveying it to the tubules.
Proximal tubule
where most of the reabsorption and secretion occurs
this tends to be mass transport and little regulation occurs
Loop of henle
each section has a different part to play in the overall function of the loop: reasorb salt and water thus significantly reducing the volume of the filtrate whilst maintaining the concentration
Collecting ducts
their main role is the concentration of the urine
they are the site of ADH and further regulation of some ions and acid/base
distal tubule
this allows it to fulfill its function as the regulatory part of the nephron
small amounts of various ions and compounds are secreted and reabsorbed to maintain the internal balance of the organism
Digestive System Disorders
Gastroesophageal Reflux disease (GERD)
Problem with cardioesophageal sphincter then you have a condition that can give you heart burn
Also called Acid reflux
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
Cirrhosis
Chronic, progressive disease of the liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
75% caused
by excessive alcohol consumption
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas
Sometimes associated with chronic alcoholism
Hepatitis A
Infectious hepatitis
Caused by a virus
Spread through contaminated food and water
Urinary Disorders
Working out too much, pregnancy, high blood pressure, heart failure, severe hypertension
Proteins
Proteinuria albuminuria
Urinary Tract Infection
Leukocytes
Pyuria
Urine is cloudy with white blood cells
Internal bleeding in urinary tract
Erythrocytes
Hematuria
Urine looks pink (unless you’ve recently eaten beats)
Diabetes mellitus
Glucose
Glycosuria
Urine smells sweet and contains a lot of glucose
Urethritis
Inflammation of urethra
Bacterial or viral infection that causes swelling and irritation of the urethra
Dysuria
Difficulty/pain in passing urine
From holding urine
Diuresis
Increase in the production of urine
Digestive System Function
Consists of organs that are involved in the breaking down of food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
Break down the food and then produce some chemicals that will help break down. Broken down food is passed along the wall of digestive tract and is carried by cardiovascular system to tissue where it is used for producing energy