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COURSE MIND MAP, Transport Processes (Long - Distance Transport Phloem…

- - - - surrounds megasporangium
      - projected upward
    - - holding area
      - where microspores settled
    - - hole in integument
      - permitted sperm cell to reach egg
  - - - pycnoxylic
        
        little parenchyma
        
        strong
        
        hard
      - manoxylic
        
        soft
        
        parenchymatous
        
        spongy
- - - - one predator and it's prey
      - direct line of consumption
    - - extremely difficult to produce
      - how energy flows through the community
    - - top carnivores + prey + plant species
      - numerous interrelationships
- - - - one helps another with no benefit
      - ex: beavers
    - - ex: pollinators
      - both benefit
- - - - interference = one restricts another's access to prey
      - exploitation =consume a shared resource
  - - - plants eaten based on abundance
      - predators prefer prey that provide most energy
      - some prey will always be eaten
      - broaden diet if prey becomes scarce
    - - prey individual will be encountered
      - prey successfully eaten
      - attack the prey
  - - - how many of a species can be killed
      - goal is to retain species stability
    - - keep population density stable
      - harvest just enough of a species
    - - both predator and prey are lost
      - improve conditions of prey
      - predator overexploit prey
    - - more prey = faster feeding rate
      - predator's response depends on prey
- - - - biogeographical region = extremely large
      - local = small
      - biome = large
      - region = much less than continent
    - - gamma = species in a region
      - beta = small sites within large region
      - alpha = local small site
    - - smaller areas = less diverse
      - larger areas = more diverse
- - - - branching becomes feasible
      - secondary vascular bundles
      - not much secondary growth
      - Joshua and dragon = no conducting cells
      - Joshua trees, palms, and dragon trees
    - - multiple vascular cambia = fast production of storage
      - increased storage
      - irregular matrix of parenchyma
      - numerous vascular cambia
    - - stem widens = larger conducting capacity (same flexibility)
      - woody vines = 2 active and 2 inactive
      - adaptive growth
      - advantageous flexibility
    - - protects phloem
      - included phloem = inbetween two bands of xylem
      - eudicots
      - new vascular cambium produced
      - cells stop dividing = no cambium
- - - - indehiscent fruots
      - Dehiscent fruits
  - - - multiple fruit
      - aggregate fruit
      - simple fruit
      - true fruit
      - accessory fruit
- - - - new flowers initiated at apex
      - lowest flowers open first
    - - limited growth potential
      - terminal flower opens first
- - - - bilaterally symmetrical/zygomorphic
      - symmetrical/regular/actinomorphic
  - - - dioecy
        
        different plants
        
        dioecious
      - monoecy
        
        monoecious
        
        same plant
    - - sepals
      - petals
    - - may lack petals or sepals
      - have essential organs
    - - carpels
      - stamens
  - - - cross pollination = lots of new genes
      - mutations = new genes
- - - - endocarp = innermost, stone or pit
      - mesocarp = middle, flesh
      - exocarp = outer, skin or peel
  - - - coenocytic
      - cellular
    - - one sperm fuses with polar nuclei
      - one sperm fuses with egg
    - - triploid
      - three full sets of genes
    - - plasmogamy
        
        fusion of protoplasts
        
        fusion of gametes
      - karyogamy = fusion of nuclei
  - - - simple
      - zygote
        
        fertilized egg
        
        diploid
      - gametes
        
        syngamy or fertilization
        
        sperm
        
        eggs
    - - spores
        
        mitosis
        
        plant gametes
        
        haploid
      - sporophytes = diploid
      - one phase of life
      - sporophyte generation
    - - megagametophytes
        
        megaspores
        
        female
        
        egg
      - microgametophytes
        
        microspores
        
        male
        
        sperm
    - - gametophyte
        
        from spores
        
        new haploid plant
      - undergo syngamy ---> zygote ---> diploid sporophyte
  - - - pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates #
        
        protected and nourished by style
        
        pollen tube is produced
        
        penetrates stigma
      - two sperm cells
      - mitotic division
        
        vegetative cell
        
        generative cell
      - develop from microspores
    - - seven cells
        
        egg aparatus
        
        two synergids
        
        one egg
        
        three small antipodal cells
        
        two polar nuclei
        
        one large central cell
      - embryo sac = multinucleate megagametophyte
      - develop from megaspores
  - - - incomplete flowers = lack one or two
      - complete flowers = ALL
      - sepals
      - petals
      - carpels
      - stamens
    - - placentae
        
        bear ovules
        
        short stalk
        
        have nucellus
        
        inside ovary
      - parts
        
        stigma = catches pollen
        
        ovary = megaspore produced
        
        style = elevates stigma
      - highest level on receptacle
      - gynoecium
    - - tapetum = nurse cells
      - microsporocytes
        
        microspore mother cells
        
        produce four microspores
        
        undergo meiosis
      - two parts
        
        filament = stalk
        
        anther = pollen
      - all stamens = androecium
    - - not typically in wind pollinated plants
      - attract correct pollinators
      - sepals + petals = perianth
      - all petals = corolla
      - on receptacle
    - - all sepals = calyx
      - waxy
      - lowermost and outermost floral appendage
      - tough
      - thick
- - - - anthocyanin pigments
      - perisperm = nutritive tissue
      - betalains = water soluble pigments
    - - sandalwood family
      - parasitic
      - mistletoe
- - - - broad
      - reticulate venation
      - petiolate
  - - - subterranean parasite
      - terrestrial
      - epiphytic
  - - - Palmae
      - simple leaves
      - usually solitary trunk
    - - house plants
      - large showy flowers
      - pollinated by birds, insects or bats
    - - grass family
      - wind pollinated
      - wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn
  - - - aroids
      - spadix
      - tiny flowers
- - - - flowers in sets of 5
      - type
        
        woody
        
        succlent
        
        herbaceous
      - vascular bundles occur in ring
      - very diverse
      - reticulate venation
      - two cotyledons
    - - never have
        
        wood
        
        ordinary secondary growth
      - vascular bundles throughout stem
      - leaves #
        
        parallel veins
        
        strap shaped
        
        elongate
      - one cotyledon
      - flowers of three
- - - - mostly homosporous
      - sori = cluster of sporangia for meiosis
      - leaf trace = at each node
      - leaf gap = small segment of parenchyma left
    - - simplest of living vascular plants
      - prostrate rhizomes
      - highly derived
    - - several cells undergo division
      - eu. = multilayered
      - lepto. = small outward protrusion
  - - - true roots
      - true leaves
      - monopodial growth
      - lateral branches
      - main trunk
  - - - monilophytes
      - lignophytes
  - - - planation = one plane
      - telomes = ultimate twigs of past generation
      - megaphyll evolution
- - - - flap of tissue = ligule
      - ligule on upper surface of leaf
  - - - strobili
      - cones
- - - - siphonostele
        
        example: seed plants
        
        pith occurs in center
      - protostele = no pith center is xylem
      - exarch protostele
        
        protoxylem = outer edge
        
        metaxylem = center
      - endarch protostele
        
        metaxylem = outer edge
        
        protoxylem = center
    - - Aglaphyton
      - Cooksonia
      - Rhynia
- - - - vessel = stack of vessel elements
      - perforation = large hole
      - pit membrane = primary walls and middle lamella between pit pairs
      - border = makes pits stronger
      - circular bordered pits = derived and strongest tracheary elements
      - reticulate thickening = secondary wall, net shape
      - conducting cells
      - Scalariform thickening = provides strength :muscle:
      - sclerenchyma = tracheids + vessel elements
      - helical thickening = 1-3 helices interior to the primary wall
      - annular thickenings = secondary wall in set of rings :ring:
    - - companion cells = control sieve tube members
      - sieve element = sieve cells & sieve tube members
      - albuminous cells = associated with sieve cells
      - sieve pores = plasmodesmata enlarge
      - sieve plates = end-wall sieve areas with large sieve pores
      - sieve tube = large sieve areas aligned
- - - - taproots #
      - adventitious roots = not from pre-existing roots
      - fibrous root system
      - monocots or eudicots
- - - - genetic drift rapid gene pool change
      - founder individual = initial gene pool
      - divergent evolution
      - one species ---> many new species
    - - hybrid inviability = fertilization results in early death of zygote
      - hybrid sterility = postzygotic barrier
      - postzygotic internal isolation barriers = no interbreeding is successful
      - prezygotic isolation mechanisms = no pollination or fertilization occurs
      - evolutionary change in pollinaters
      - biological barrier that prevents gene flow
      - sympatric speciation = isolation even when grown together
    - - deserts and oceans are barriers
      - allopatric/geographic speciation = speciation occurs
      - physical barrier
  - - - small mobile pieces contribute to gene flow
      - alleles at different geographic sites come together through gene flow
    - - long or short distance
      - new alleles produced
      - seeds carried by wind, water, etc.
    - - one full haploid gamete
      - animal mediated pollination
- - - - chlorophyll a and photosynthesis evolution released oxygen
      - oxygen = ozone = prevent UV radiation
      - oxidizing atmosphere = add oxygen from photosynthesis
    - - first aggregates were heterotrophs
      - oxidative electron transport not possible because no oxygen
      - aggregates used scarce molecules was advantageous
    - - masses of chemical components
      - aggregates evolved to "use" products
      - first aggregates formed at random
    - - clays...catalysts?
      - monomers had to polymerize for life
      - seaside pools were concentrated monomers
      - monomers had to be very concentrated
    - - chemosynthetic hypothesis works for monomers
      - meteors and moon rocks show us what they pass through in the atmosphere
      - electrodes + gas = lightning
    - - reducing atmosphere = ;ack of oxygen presence of reducing agents
      - second atmosphere = produced by released gases
      - second atmosphere = reducing atmosphere
      - first atmosphere = lost to space
    - - no limits to time
      - 1.1 billion years between earth and life on Earth
      - no oxygen
    - - volcanos = hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, water
      - electricity was abundant
      - intense UV and gamma radiation
      - heat available for energy
      - highly reactive free radicals
- - - - voluntary decision making
      - purpose
      - planning
      - intention
  - - - results in existing allele frequency decreasing
      - result in new alleles
      - occur continually
- - - - leafy liverworts
        
        leaves in three rows
        
        rounded lobes
        
        greatly resemble mosses
      - thallose liverworts
        
        body referred to as thallus
        
        air pores
        
        show less resemblance to mosses
    - - have an alternation of heteromorphic generations
      - small plants
- - - - mosses are small
      - grow in moist habitat
      - due to thin cuticle
  - - - antheridia = sperm
        
        short stalk
        
        innermost cells are sperm cells
        
        outermost layer has sterile cells
      - bisexual species have antheridia and archegonia
      - archegonia = eggs
        
        shaped like a vase
        
        single egg located at base
        
        neck is hollow at maturity
    - - stems have hairs but not stomata
      - cuticle occurs on upper side of moss leaves
      - gametophores = leafy stems
      - moss stem leaves are not homologous with vascular leaves
      - all moss stems have leaves
    - - protonema = branched system of similar cells
      - protonema cells break when mosses are collected
      - numerous small chloroplast in each protonema
    - - rhizoids lack chloroplasts and have reddish walls
      - rhizoids = multicellular trichome-like structures
      - hydroids = water cells in innermost cortex
      - majority of mosses lack hydroids and leptoids
      - hydroids conduct water
- - - - PGAL ---> F1,6-bisphosphate ---> F6-phosphate ---> G6- phosphate ---> (amylose, amylopectin, or cellulose)
    - - long term storage
      - intermediate term storage
      - short term shortage
      - constructive metabolism
      - larger than PGAL
    - - PGA
        
        PGA ---> electrons and energy ---> 1, 3 - diphosphoglycerate ---> PGAL
      - enzyme (RuBP carboxylase)
        
        essential to food production
    - - C3 cycle :bicyclist:
  - - - Photosystem 1
        
        P700
        
        ferredoxin ---> ferredoxin NADP+ reductase ---> NADP+
      - Photosystem 2
        
        Plastocyanin = oxidized
        
        cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        plastoquinone
        
        phaeophytin
        
        reduces P700 --> P680
      - ATP Synthesis
        
        non/cyclic electron transport
        
        ATP Synthetase - CF0-CF1 complex
        
        Grana --> thylakoids--->frets---> stroma---> lumen
        
        chemiosmotic phosphorylation
    - - chlorophyll a vs. b :evergreen_tree:
        
        p680 vs. p700
        
        antenna complex = set
        
        reaction center = special a
      - transfer absorbed light
        
        resonance - transfer
      - Accessory pigments = absorb
      - fluorescence = release
      - quanta absorbed ---> electron activated
- - - - oxidative
      - substrate level
  - - - does not travel far :forbidden: :airplane:
      - reduced
      - carries electrons on metal atom
    - - long hydrocarbon tail
      - hydrophobic :no_entry: :sweat_drops:
      - carry electrons short distances
    - - carry electrons short distances
      - intrinsic membrane proteins
      - iron carries electron
- - - - r selected species = annuals or shrubby perennials
      - some disturbances are predictable - some are not
      - caused by disturbance
    - - K-selected species = pines and firs
      - can occur next to r - selected
      - intense competition
  - - - allelopathy = inhibition by chemicals
      - allochemics = chemical inhibits others
      - random distribution = no pattern to position
      - uniform distributions = evenly spaced
      - clumped distributions = space between plants is large or small
    - - limiting factor = factor that determines health of plant
      - factor exs: rain, warmth, soil, etc.
- - - - ex: flood, fire, avalanche
      - man made or natural
      - destroys plants
    - - tolerance range = between low and high extremes
      - growing seasons
      - critically important
      - moisture
      - extremes are more important than average
    - - latitude
        
        seasonal variation
        
        sun exposure
        
        day length
      - altitude
        
        poor soil
        
        ozone coverage
        
        high winds
        
        drought
    - - pioneers = first plants in new soil
      - three horizons
        
        A Horizon = uppermost; zone of leaching
        
        C horizon = lowest layer; rock
        
        B Horizon = middle layer; zone of deposition
      - formed from break down of rock
  - - - pathogenic = fungi / bacteria
      - commensal = one benefitted, one unaffected
      - herbivore = eat plants
        
        herbs
        
        browsing = twigs and leaves
      - predation = one benefits, one harmed
    - - common garden = seeds both sites
      - transplant experiments = do ecotypes exist?
      - ecotypes = before subspecies
      - niche = particular set of conditions
      - mutualism = beneficial for both organisms #
      - competitive exclusion = less adapted plant excluded
      - competition = disadvantageous