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Geography (Mapping (Direction (North, North-East, East, South-East, South,…

- - - - An outline or box draw around the map.
    - - An indication of direction, usually shown with a north arrow or compass rose.
    - - an explanation of the symbols, colours and patterns used on the map.
    - - A heading that describes the map and what it is showing.
    - - A way of indicating what distances on the map represent in the real world. Scale can be shown in three different ways: as a written scale, a line scale or a ratio. Source 20 shows the three ways scale can be represented on a map.
    - - Where the information used to create the map came from. If these details are not known, simply write ‘Source: unknown’. If you have created the map from your own data, simply write ‘Source: own map’ or ‘Source: [add your name]’.
- - - - Formed by tectonic plates.
      - The pressure from the tectonic plates cause the shape of the Earth to change
    - - Receives no more than 250 millimetres of rain a year
      - There are two types of deserts
        
        Hot
        
        Located along the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
        
        Cold
        
        Located around the Arctic and Antarctic Circles
      - Characterised by sand, rocks and dunes
    - - Shaped by the natural forces of the wind and waves
      - Dunes, Bays, Lagoons and cliffs
    - - Formed when an easily dissolvable bedrock is worn away by slightly acidic water.
      - Unstable areas of land
    - - Formed by the natural movement of a water system (e.g. a river)
      - Good for agricultural uses, like farming
    - - Created by humans
      - When a human landscape is being created, normally natural landscapes get damaged or destroyed.
- - - - Geographers use the concept of interconnection to better understand the complex links between natural and human processes that shape our Earth.
      - Places and people can be linked in many different ways
      - The Earth’s living systems (such as climate, plants, animals, oceans, soils, atmosphere and energy) all function together and are interconnected.
      - natural processes, such as the water cycle and the food chain
      - human activities, such as the movement of people, the production and trade of goods and the flow of the investment and money within and different between countries.
    - - Relates to the ongoing capacity of Earth to maintain all life. This means developing ways to ensure that all resources on Earth are used and managed responsibly so they are there for future generations.
      - oil, coal and natural gas are non-renewable
      - wind, forests, sunlight and water are renewable
      - Local – Recycling of paper by individuals, schools and households reduces the number of trees that need to be cut down.
      - National – In Australia the government has begun to encourage sustainable use of energy through the establishment of wind farms and hydroelectric power plants and the use of solar panels.
      - International – Efforts to protect endangered whale species around the world have attracted media attention and focused public opinion on maintaining breeding grounds free of large whaling vessels
      - Sustainability is an important concept for geographers.
      - Riparian zone is the area around a river it also keeps the river alive
    - - The world in which we live is made up of many different environments. Some environments are natural (or physical) such as deserts, grasslands, mountains, coral reefs, forests, oceans and ice caps
      - Today, there are very few truly natural environments left on Earth.
      - A large city, such as New York, has its own microclimate.
      - Most environments on Earth are now a combination of natural and human features.
      - Human environments and physical environment
      - The study of different environments helps geographers to analyse the changes humans make to natural environments and better appreciate their impact so that they can be managed more wisely.
    - - Scale is an additional concept used to guide geographical inquiries. Geographers study things that take place on many different spatial levels – meaning from small areas (such as a local park) to very large areas (such as the use of oil and coal all over the world).
      - local – such as an inquiry into the daily visitors to a neighbourhood skate park, and whether its facilities meet the needs of visitors
      - regional – such as an inquiry into the types of visitors staying at campsites and tourist parks in Western Australia
      - national – such as an inquiry into the yearly tourist numbers visiting national parks in Australia (such as Nambung National Park), including the impact these visitors have on our national parks and the way in which these parks are managed.
      - International – such as an inquiry into animal poaching in national parks and wild game reserves in different countries across Africa
      - global – such as an inquiry into the use of all marine parks around the world and how well they protect endangered species.
    - - Geographers investigate the way that things are mapped and arranged on the Earth’s surface.
      - location – where things are located on the Earth’s surface
      - spatial distribution – the shapes and patterns in which things are arranged on the Earth’s surface
      - organisation – how and why things are arranged and managed on the Earth’s surface by people. Geographers investigate the way that people use and change the space in which they live. They recognise that different groups of people use space in different ways and that this changes over time.
    - - The earth is constantly changing. Some changes occur very rapidly and are easy to see, while others take place over millions of years and are almost undetectable to us. E.g. tectonic plates and mountains take place over millions of years
      - The concept of change is important in geography because it helps us to understand what is happening around us
      - Global warming, for example, is a long-term change that happens slowly
    - - Places are parts of the Earth’s surface that are identified and given meaning by people. A place can be as small as your bedroom or as large as the entire planet!
      - Places can be natural or built.
      - The environmental and social qualities of a place all influence the way we live.
      - Geographers use the concept of place when conducting any geographical inquiry.