Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Year 8 HASS Geography ~Term 2~ (maps (Grid references (to find a…
Year 8 HASS Geography ~Term 2~
7 key concepts
interconnection
Geographers use the concept of interconnection to understand the complex links between natural and human processes that shape our Earth
Places and people can be linked in many different ways
The Earth’s living systems all function together and are interconnected
Examples of Earth's living system
climate
plants
energy
sustainability
developing ways to ensure that all resources on Earth are used and managed responsibly so they are there for future generations
we need to use more of our renewable resources instead of our non-renewable resources
Actions to improve sustainability can operate at a number of levels
Local – Recycling of paper reduces the number of trees that need to be cut down
National – wind farms and hydroelectric power plants and solar panels
International
Sustainability is an important concept for geographers
relates to the ongoing capacity of Earth to maintain all life
environment
There are very few truly natural environments left on Earth
Most environments on Earth are now a combination of natural and human features
A large city, such as New York, has its own microclimate
The world in which we live is made up of many different environments
change
The concept of change is important in geography because it helps us to understand what is happening around us
e.g. Global warming is a long-term change that happens slowly
space
Geographers investigate the way that things are mapped and arranged on the Earth’s surface
location
where things are located on the Earth’s surface
spatial distribution
the shapes and patterns in which things are arranged on the Earth’s surface
organisation
how and why things are arranged and managed on the Earth’s surface by people.
scale
an additional concept used to guide geographical inquries
different special levels
very small areas
very large areas
place
can be natural or built
environmental and social qualities of a place all influence the way we live
Places can be as small as your bedroom or as large as the entire planet
Geographers use the concept of place when conducting any geographical inquiry
Places are parts of the Earth’s surface that are identified and given meaning by people
maps
choropleth
use different shades of the same colour to give a quick impression of the pattern formed by the data being shown
darker shades show the highest values or the greatest amounts
lighter shades show the lowest values or the least amounts
topographic
show the shape of the land by using contour line
Numbers on some of the contour lines show the height of the land above sea level
The closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the land
overlay
show how features on the Earth’s surface may be related to each other
weather
show conditions in the atmosphere
flow
Arrows of different thicknesses or colours are used
to compare the numbers involved in the movement
to show where different things are moving to and from
thematic
show a particular theme or topic
dot distribution
use dots to represent a range of different features
Th dots show the location of the chosen feature
direction
enables the user to work out the location of features shown
must always be shown on maps
political
Show the locations and names of built features of the Earth
things to remember
comparing map scales
Large-scale maps show a large amount of detail, but a small area
Small-scale maps show a small amount of detail, but a large area
B.O.L.T.S.S
L- legend
T- title
O- orientation
S- scale
B- border
S- source
physical
Show the locations and names of natural features of the Earth
Grid references
Used to identify and locate particular squares on a map
The vertical lines are called EASTINGS
they increase in value as you move eastwards
The horizontal lines are called NORTHINGS
they increase in value as you move northwards
to find a particular square, find the bottom left-hand corner and write down the numbers of the lines which pass through the corner
Write the eastings first
write the northings second
Cardinal Points
North, East, South, West
intercardinal points
North-east, south-east, south-west, north-west
Latitude & Longitude
longitude = northings
The equator is located on the 0 degree northing
Latitude = easting
the Prime Meridian is located on the 0 degree easting
landscape
all the visual features of the Earth's surface
natural
mountains
steeper than hills
created by tectonic forces or volcanism
block mountains
the rock closest to the surface is cooler so it is easier to crack and break when compressed from the sides
the enormous block are lifted, along the fault lines, rather than folded
volcanic mountains
created when magma pushes up to the Earth's surface
material that come from the volcanoes builds up the height of the land
materials: ash, lava
fold mountains
made when tectonic plates come together and crumple
the crumpling pushes slabs of rock up
normally in the form of a peak
arid
lack water and moisture
receive no more than 250 millimeters of rain per year
contain the most inhospitable lands on Earth
cover around a third of the Earth's surface
don't have much vegetation due to lack of rain
riverine
defined as a system of rivers and the surrounding land
great for agricultural uses
land is fertile
valuable resource for allowing food to grow and flourish
molded by the natural movement of water
have the same ecosystem as areas where rivers are
coastal
coast is where the sea meets the land
molded by wind and waves
these forces erode the environment
the coast is always changing its shape
coastal landscapes are also made by erosion and deposition
erosion
forms: headlands, wave-cut platforms, stacks, arches, caves, cliffs
definition: when wind or water gradually break something down
deposition
important parts of deposition
the speed of wind and water
as heavier sediments slow, they drop out and are deposited
the size, shape and heaviness of sediments
bigger, denser particles are heavier and land before less dense particles
shape affects the deposition rates of sediments, as round pieces settle quicker than flat pieces
forms: tombolo, spits, sandbars, beaches, sand dunes
karst
made when slightly acidic water dissolves bedrock
features: caves, stalagmites and sinkholes
sinkholes
made when rock underneath the Earth's surface is eroded
segments of land on the surface that give way
can be as small as a few meters deep
can be as big as a kilometer deep
extremely unstable areas of land
human
shows that there is human settlement in an environment
making this type of landscape often results in destruction of natural landscapes
made by people
sometimes incorporates natural features
natural disaster - tsunami
they cut power, allow sewage to leave sewers and pollute water, block food supplies, and cause casualties
probably the most terrifying coastal danger
tsunamis are big waves that rip up infrastructure and flora from the ground
how tsunamis are created
tectonic plates moving the sea floor
most common
largest
send a series of very high and wide waves to the sea shore
underwater volcanic eruptions or landslides
large landslides or large sheets of ice broken off of glaciers create smaller tsunamis
tsunamis are created when natural events send large masses of water in a short period of time
the word 'tsunami' means harbor wave
Japanese Tsunami 2011
in some places waves pushed numerous kilometers inland
water cascaded over walls and washed away buildings, cars, people, roads and (closer to the epicenter of the earthquake) whole towns
walls of water up to seven meters high reached Japan's east coast within an hour and caused instant destruction
in some areas the earthquake caused the land to subside allowing waves to travel further inland
one of the largest earthquakes recorded
sent waves across the Pacific Ocean at high speeds towards Japan
this put Japanese preparations to the test
damage
over one million homes were damaged
more than four million homes had no electricity
an estimated 25 million tons of debris was created
five million of it was washed into the Pacific Ocean
the approximate death toll was 16000 people
over 6000 were seriously injured
more than 300 people were listed as missing
hundreds of thousands of buildings were destroyed