Russia
1905
Bloody Sunday
Czarism/Tsardom
Absolutism
Industrialization
Late industrialization
Weak bourgeoisie
Foreigner investment
Lack of political power
Germany, England, France
Alexander II did reforms, modernized the country and ended serfdom
Growth of bourgeoisie, the peasants couldn't compete
Proletariat was created
Russo-Japanese war
EUA (Portsmouth)
Rasputin
General Rehearsal
Several groups will promote manifestations and rebellions against the Czar
The peasants
Hunger, land concentration
Liberal bourgeoisie
They didn't have political power and Czar support
Military
Lots of war defeats
Proletariat
Terrible working conditions and famine
Reforms
Czar wanted to control the population
Creation of the DUMA (Assembly)
Representatives of the society
Legislative power
Monstesquieu
Liberal
End of the Russo-Japanese war
Soviets were allowed to exist
A political discussion committee created by the workers
Potemkin Battleship
Parties
Constitutional Democratic Party (CADETE)
Social-Democratic Party
It was the liberal party, defending the demand of the bourgeoisie
(open market, industrialization, political rights, anti-czarism, etc.)
Mensheviks were orthodox and followed Marx strictly
Bolsheviks
They thought they should desenvolve the capitalism and naturally the class struggle would happen
They were heterodox Marxists and believed the revolution could start immediately; The party would be the guide of the proletariat in the revolution (Leninism)
The Revolutions
February
October
The Causes
The Fall of Tsardom
The Provisional Government
The Rise of Lenin
1916
The Petrograd Soviet
1917
The Tsar goes to the war for raising the soldiers' morale and courage
Russia was in a crisis because of the
Soviets
War costs
Workers exploitation
Soviets
Rural exodus
Weak government (Rasputin case)
The spread of socialism
The Tsar went to see the troops in the borders. In February of 1917, a women's manifestation led to a big social protest (workers, military, students). The city of Petrograd was completely paralised.
It was provisional because the deputies should decide which kind of government Russia would have. The majority wanted a parlamentary government, and just a few wanted socialism. The leader of the deputies was an aristocrat called Lvov (CADETE).
There was a parallel government between the DUMA and the Petrograd Soviet
The DUMA didn't want to leave the war. (The bourgeoisie wanted to be among the winners because the winners would take colonies, raw material, etc.)
Lenin's ideas were represented through the april thesis
Bread, peace and land
All the power to the soviets
The Bolshevik coup
Civil War (1917 - 1921)
General Kornilov said he would attack petrograd and impose order because the DUMA couldn't do it (there were lots of strikes and protests)
In face of Kornilov's menace, Kerensky armed the Petrograd Soviet to defend the city. Trotsky saw the opportunity to create the red army. But the bolsheviks were ready to attack, Kornilov's attempt failed.
In several Russian cities, the bolsheviks were accused of treason, which gave birth to the Civil War.
The Red Army
The White Army
The Green Army
Trotsky was the leader, they fought for communism (It was the Bolshevik Army)
The army that gathered everyone who opposed to the Bolsheviks
CADETE, bourgeoisie, monarchists
Not homogenous
Homogenous
Após a vitória Bolchevique, os países capitalistas europeus criam o conceito de "Cordão Sanitário"
The "War Communism"
Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany. It was the Brest-Letovski treaty. However, only the bolsheviks respected the treaty.
They were peasants and small landowners that were unsatisfied with the methods of the government
Workers would not receive their salaries, and could only produce arms.
The execution of the royal family
The N.E.P.
In the time of the civil war, there was lack of income, currency, industrial goods and morale
Stimulate production
Foreign industries were allowed to explore natural resources of the country during a specific amount of time
Lenin wanted taxes and economical development, but for the population to pay taxes they needed money, so he encouraged foreign industries to go to Russia so people would get jobs and pay taxes
It was allowed the small private property in the countryside and the farmers could sell their production towards profit; the technology importation was allowed as well
However, the State already controls public transport, exportations, and banks so it couldn't be considered capitalism
The NEP wasn't the same thing that the mensheviks defended, for them, the downfall of capitalism would happen naturally through the class struggle
Lenin's Death
Trotsky
He was a former menshevik, so was called a traitor
Stálin
He was considered "a man of action", not an intellectual
He was an intellectual, so people couldn't identify
For him, the revolution should spread immediately
He was a "favor giver", manipulator within the party
For him, "the one country socialism" would be the best option
Stalinism
In the countryside, the colletivisation ended the private property, the Kolkhoses were farms administrated by the State
The propaganda made Stalin the great russian leader
People who didn't reach the goals would go to Gulags
Holodomor: Great starvation in Ucraine, that was caused by the colletivisation of the fields. They starved because refused to give up their lands, and would be treated as traitors.