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ch 9 Flowers and reproduction (flower structure and cross pollination…
ch 9 Flowers and reproduction
asexual reproduction
fragmentation
a large spreading or vining
plant grows to several meters in length
in cacti
branches are poorly attached to the trunk
plant breaks apart easily
sexual reproduction
the plant life cycle
diploid adults
have sex organs that produce
haploid sex cells called
gametophytes
sperms
eggs
an entire haploid plant
two types of spores
megagametophytes
from megaspores
microgametophytes
from microspores
produce sperm is male
produce eggs is female
zygote
when one sperm and
one egg are brought together
grows into individual that is diploid
sporophyte generation
aka sporophyte phase
just one phase of
the plant life cycle
sporophytes
are always diploid
like most adult animals
spores
meiosis results in
haploid spores
syngamy
aka fertilization
gametes fuse with other gametes
producing
diploid zygote
micogametophytes
male
macrogametophytes
female
alteration of generations
life cycle
two generations
sporophyte
gametophyte
flower structure
pedicel
flower stalk
receptacle
the other flower parts are attached
incomplete flowers
species lack oner or two
of the four basic floral appendages
sepals
the lowermost and
outermost of the floral appendages
sepals together
calyx
petals
above the sepals on the receptacle
corolla
sepals and petals together
perianth
stamens
above the petals
have two parts
filament
its stalk
anther
pollen is actually produced
anther cells in a layer
tapetum
carpels
constitute the
gynoecium
have 3 main parts
stigma
catches pollen grains
style
elevates the stigma
ovary
#
megaspores are produced
inside in placenta
gametophytes
megagametophyte
embryo sac
pollen tube
penetrates into the loose
open tissues of the stigma
technical for a multinucleate
the seven cells
central cell
two polar nuclei
three small
antipodal cells
egg apparatus
has two
synergies
fertilization
plasomogamy
fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei
endosperm nucleus
containing three full sets of genes
triploid
double fertilization
one with the egg nucleus and the other with the polar nuclei
endosperm
both coenocytic and cellar tissue
embryo and seed development
suspensor
pushes the embryo
deep into the endosperm
cotyledons
beans
peanuts
short axis
radicle
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic stem
hypocotyl
the shoot and root junction
albuminous seeds
a mature seed in which
endosperm
is rather abundant
exalbuminous
endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity
fruit development
fruit
ovary matures into fruit
exocarp
outer layer
skin
peel
middle layer
mesocarp
inner most layer
endocarp
pericarp
the entire fruit wall
flower structure and cross pollination
cross pollination
pollination of a carpel by pollen
self pollination
pollination of a carpel by pollen from the same individual
stamen and style maturation times
stigma and pollen incompatibility
compatibility barriers
chemical reactions
between pollen and carpels
that prevent
pollen growth
monoecious and dioecious species
essential organs
latter two organs
imperfect flowers
#
flowers that lack either or both essential organs
incomplete
perfect flowers
have both essential organs
non essential organs
sepals and petals do not produce spores
animal pollinated flowers
coevolution
a flower becoming adapted for visitation
actinomorphic
mirror images of each other
zygomorphic
bilaterally symmetrical
wind pollinated flowers
ovary position
inferior ovary
epigynous
superior ovary
fruit types and seed dispersal
true fruits and accessory fruits
true fruits
fruits containing only ovarian tissue
accessory fruit
false fruit
used if any non ovarian tissue is present
simple fruit
fruit develops from a single ovary
#
or the fused ovaries of one flower
aggregate fruits
separate carpels of one gywoecium fuse during development
multiple fruit
during development all of the individual fruits
of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
classification of fruit types
dry
aka fleshy
one that is not typically eaten
by the natural seed distributing animals
dehiscent fruits
break open and release seeds
indehiscent fruits
do not break open
inflorescence and pollination
inflorescence
give a collective visual sign to pollinators
two basic arrangements occur
(1) determine inflorescences
limited potential growth
(2) indeterminate inflorescenes
lowest or outmost flowers open first
