infective conditions
Anthrax 
Defination
is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
Symptoms
boil-like skin lesion
fever
chest pain,
Medication
fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin
doxycycline,
erythromycin,
vancomycin,
penicillin.
antibiotic prophylaxis
Cause
shortness of breath
nausea, vomiting
Diarrhea, abdominal pain
Bacillus anthracis
Risk factores
Working with animals,
travelers
postal workers
military personnel
Objective data
Based on antibodies
microbial culture
Subjective data
headache
Chest X-rays
aches and pain
subtle, gradual and flu-like (influenza)
bloody diarrhea
skin lesion
Pathophysiology
spore germination in macrophages and biological effects of the secreted toxins on heart and blood vessels w
will lead to improved management of infected animals and patients
Controlling germination will be feasible by inhibiting macrophage paralysis and cell death.
On the other hand, the control of terminal hypotension might be achieved by inhibition of cardiomyocyte mitogen-activated protein kinase and stimulation of vessel cAMP.
Nursing management
rapid initiation of antibiotic therapy
supportive care (i.e., intravascular volume repletion, with vasopressor and ventilatory support as necessary)
drainage of the large pleural effusions
give fluids in response of vomiting and dairrhea
blastomycosis
Defination
Causes
Risk factores
Signs and symptoms
fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis.
a flu-like illness with fever, chills
headache, and a nonproductive cough
tachypnea, hypoxemia,
skin lesions, usually asymptomatic, can be verrucous (wart-like) or ulcerated with small pustules at the margins.
prostatitis may be asymptomatic or may cause pain on urinating.
bone lytic lesions can cause bone or joint pain.
dimorphic microfungus Blastomyces dermatitidis,
Pathophysiology
Inhaled conidia of B. dermatitidis are phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages in alveoli.
Some of these escape phagocytosis and transform into yeast phase rapidly.
Having thick walls, these are resistant to phagocytosis and express glycoprotein, BAD-1,
In lung tissue, they multiply and may disseminate through blood and lymphatics to other organs,
including the skin, bone, genitourinary tract, and brain.
The incubation period is 30 to 100 days, although infection can be asymptomatic.
travellers
Objective data
cytology, or histology
issue biopsy of skin or other organs
urine antigen testing
microbiol culture
Treatment
subjectve
immunosuppressed individuals
Itraconazole
Ketoconazole
. Amphotericin B i
Fluconazole
hunters,
forestry workers, campers,
farmers
pain in the muscles, joints, and chest).
skin lesions
pain on urination
fever
Nursing management
give analgesia
give antibiotics as prescribed
Toxoplasmosis
Defination
is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii
Causes
Toxoplasma gondii[
Risk factors
Eating poorly cooked food
Use contaminated knives, cutting boards or other utensils.
exposure to infected cat feces
objective data
Blood test
amniotic fluid test
Treatment
. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Pyrimethamine
Atovaquone
spiramycin
signs and symptoms
Body aches
Swollen lymph nodes
Headache
Fever
Fatigue
Eat unwashed fruits and vegetables.
Receive an infected organ transplant or transfused blood.
pathophysiology
this involves antibody acting extracellularly, and T-cell factors acting intracellularly.
Whenever immunity is not acquired in a timely fashion, tachyzoites continue to multiply,
destroying an excessive number of cells, producing lesions in several organs
with pneumonia and encephalitis the prominent causes of illness and death.
. Toxoplasma cysts produce lesions when they disintegrate, because of the delayed type of hypersensitivity accompanying infections.
In the presence of immunity, the released bradyzoites are destroyed,
mumps
defination
contagious disease caused by a virus that passes from one person to another through saliva, nasal secretions, and close personal contact.
treatment
Rest when you feel weak or tired.
take analgesia
take fluids
eat soft diet
avoid acidic and beverages food
symptoms
Body aches
headache
loss of appetite
general fatigue
fever
causes
objective data
mumps virus.
e facial swelling.
Check inside the mouth to see the position of the tonsils
Take the patient's temperature.
Take a sample of blood, urine, or saliva to confirm diagnosis.
Take a sample of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from the spine for testing
risk factores
Mumps most commonly occurs in children ages 2 - 12.
Being exposed to unvaccinated people
h a weakened immune system
- People are more likely to contract mumps in winter and spring.
Anyone who has not had two doses of a mumps vaccine
pathophysiology
respiratory transmission of the virus
replication in the nasopharynx and regional lymphnodes
viremia 12 -25 days after exposure with spread to tissues
multiple tissues are affected during viremia