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Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction (Flow Structure and Cross-Pollination,…

- - - - improved by modifications
- - - - developed from microspores
      - very small
      - located within original pollen cell wall
    - - within the ovule
      - forms from megaspore
      - embryo sac
        
        multinucleate megagametophyte
      - central cell
        
        has two polar nuclei
        
        three antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus
        
        consists of two synergids and an egg
  - - - plasmogamy
      - Karyogamy
    - - in angiosperms only
      - endosperm nucleus undergoes fissions
  - - - lowermost and outmost of floral appendages
      - modified leaves that enclose other parts of the maturing flower
      - typically the toughest, thickest, waxiest flower part
    - - above sepals on the receptacle
      - collectively make the "corolla"
    - - above the petals
      - collectively known as the "androecium"
      - two parts
        
        filament
        
        anther
    - - collectively make the "gynoecium"
      - located at the highest level on the receptacle
      - three main parts
        
        style
        
        ovary
        
        stigma
  - - - pushes embryo into endosperm
      - cells at one end divide to grow into cotyledons
    - - embryo is an elongate clyinder
        
        radicle
        
        epicotyl
        
        hypocotyl
    - - matured from integuments surrounding nucleus
  - - - haploid sex cells produced from adult diploid parents
      - either
        
        sperm
        
        eggs
    - - sporophytes are always diploid
        
        meiosis results in spores
    - - can fuse with other gametes
      - must undergo syngamy
      - mammalian gamets
        
        megagametes
        
        form from megaspores
        
        microgametes
        
        form from microspores
    - - grows from spores undergoing mitosis
    - - complex life cycle
  - - - mesocarp
      - endocarp
      - exocarp
      - pericarp
- - - - stamens
      - carpels
    - - produce only carpellate flowers
    - - staminate flowers on same plant as carpellate flowers
  - - - result if receptacle tissues grow upward
- - - - determinate
      - indeterminate
- - - - refers to fruits containing only ovary tissue
    - - non ovarian tissue is present
  - - - dry
      - fleshy
    - - dehiscent
      - indehiscent
    - - corn
      - wheat