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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination…

- - - - Producing offspring that are:
        
        Identical copies if the parental genes
      - Producing new individuals that are:
        
        Genetically different from its parents
    - - For a specific species
      - And species ability to adapt
    - - Different gene combinations
        
        Can be tested inexpensively
        
        Thousands of fruits/flowers
        
        Significant progeny
        
        Diversity is key
      - Can have negative effects
      - Seeds
        
        Sexual reproduction
        
        Strawberry seeds
        
        Ingested then excreted
        
        Bamboo seeds
        
        Carried by winds
    - - Strawberries
      - Bamboo
      - Kalanchoes
- - - - Large spreading/vining
        
        Can acts as individuals
        
        If the middle part does
      - Cacti plants
      - Plantlets formed
        
        Flower buds
        
        Bulbils
        
        Saxifrage
        
        Grasses
        
        Pineapple
      - Adventitious buds
        
        Willoes
        
        Thistles
        
        Small clusters of individuals
        
        Come from a single plant
- - - - Simple
        
        Diploid adults have haploid sex cells
        
        Gametes
        
        Egg
        
        Females
        
        Megagametes
        
        Sperm
        
        Males
        
        Microgametes
        
        Zygote
        
        New individual
        
        Diploid
        
        Formed from parents
        
        Meiosis
    - - Complex
        
        Sporophyte generation
        
        Just a phase
        
        Trees
        
        Shrubs
        
        Herbs
        
        Sporophytes
        
        Diploid
        
        Haploid spores
        
        Gametes
        
        Fuse together
        
        Fertilization/syngamy
        
        Ones that dont
        
        2 more items...
        
        Make haploid plants
        
        By mitosis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spores
        
        No syngamy
        
        Undergoes mitosis
        
        Make new haploid plant
        
        1 more item...
        
        Makes haploid plants
        
        Simple plants
        
        Hornworts
        
        Liverworts
        
        Mosses
        
        Oogamy
        
        Male individuals
        
        Sperm
        
        Microgametophytes
        
        Microspores
        
        Female individuals
        
        Egg
        
        Megagametophytes
        
        Megaspores
        
        Heterospory
        
        gametophyte
        
        Alternation of generations
        
        Alternation of heteromophic
  - - - Pedicel
        
        Receptacle
        
        Complete flowers
        
        Sepals
        
        Petals
        
        Stamens
        
        Carpels
        
        Incomplete flowers
        
        Lilies
        
        3 sepals
        
        3 petals
        
        3 carpels
        
        3 stamens
        
        They dont have
        
        The standard 4
        
        Begonia
        
        No petals
        
        Stames/carpels
        
        Pigweed
        
        All parts but petals
    - - Lower/outermost floral appendage
      - Enclose flower part that mature
      - Thickest, toughest, waxiest
      - Fuse together
        
        Calyx
    - - Above sepals
      - Make up the corolla
      - Sepals and petals
        
        = perianth
      - Leaf-like
      - Broad, flat and thin
      - Contain chlorophyll
      - Attract the right pollinator
      - Different patterns
    - - Above petals
      - Make up the androecium
      - Male part, but not male
      - 2 parts
        
        Filaments
        
        Stalk
        
        Anthers
        
        Pollen production
        
        Diploid cells
        
        Microspore mother cells
        
        Meiosis
        
        4 microspores
        
        1 more item...
        
        Neighboring anther
        
        Tapetum
        
        Nurse cells
    - - Make up the gynoecium
      - Highest level of receptacle
      - 3 parts
        
        Stigma
        
        Catches pollen grains
        
        Style
        
        Elevates stigma
        
        Ovary
        
        Megasprores are produced
        
        Placentae
        
        Ovules
        
        Funiculus
        
        Nucellus
        
        Integuments
        
        1 more item...
        
        Megaspores
        
        4 generate
        
        3 die, 1 survives
        
        Seed
      - Make up the pistil
  - - - Microgametophytes
        
        Only 3 cells
        
        Large vegetative cell
        
        Small generative cell
        
        2 sperms cells
        
        Microgametes
        
        Pollen tube
        
        When grain lands on stigma
        
        Protected, nourished by style
    - - Megagametophytes
        
        Nucleus undergoes mitosis
        
        Multinucleate megagametophyte
        
        Embryo Sac
        
        8 nucleate megaspores
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        7 cells
        
        One large central cell
        
        2 polar nuclei
        
        3 small antipodal cells
        
        Egg apparatus
        
        2 synergids
        
        1 cells is binucleate
  - - - Syngamy
        
        Egg
        
        Sperm
      - Fusion of
        
        Protoplasts of gametes
    - - Fusion of nuclei
    - - Egg appartus
        
        Releases sperm
        
        Fuses with egg nucleus
        
        Diploid zygote
    - - Second sperm
        
        Undergoes karyogamy
        
        Endosperm nucleus
        
        Triploid
      - Double fertilization
        
        Sperm fuse with egg
        
        Sperm fuse with polar nuclei
        
        Coconut milk
        
        Meat is nucleus
        
        Mild is protoplasm
        
        Endosperm
        
        Nourishes zygote
        
        Wheat
        
        RIce
        
        Oats
        
        Corn
  - - - Embryo proper
        
        Short stalk
        
        Suspensor
      - Globular stage
        
        2 cotyledons
        
        1 grows out to be Dicot
        
        Filled with
        
        Starch
        
        OIl
        
        Protein
        
        1 grows to be Monocot
        
        Mature seeds
        
        Endosperm
        
        Albuminous seed
        
        No endosperm
        
        Exalbuminous seed
        
        Endosperm
        
        Wheat
        
        Rice
        
        Oats
        
        Corn
        
        Beans
        
        Peanuts
      - Embryo is elongated cylinder
        
        Radicle
        
        Root
        
        Epicotyl
        
        Stem
        
        Hypocotyl
        
        Root/shoot junction
      - Integument around nucellus
        
        Seed coat
        
        Testa
        
        Black
        
        Red
        
        Pinto
  - - - Ovule becomes seed
      - Ovary
      - Wither away
        
        Stigma
        
        Sepals
        
        Petals
        
        Carpels
      - 3 distinct layers
        
        Exocarp
        
        Outer layer/ Skin
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Innermost layer/ Flesh
        
        Endocarp
        
        Tough "stones"
      - Pericarp
        
        Entire fruit wall
      - Peach tree
- - - - Pollination of carpal
        
        By the same flower/plant
    - - Different Allels
  - - - Stamens and carpals are prevented
        
        If anthers and stigma mature
        
        At different times
  - - - Compatibilty Barrier
        
        Chemical reactions that prevent growth
    - - Block pollen tube
        
        Plant cannot pollinate
    - - Greater pollination rejection
  - - - Flowers that lack stamens/carpals
        
        Essential organs
        
        Sexually reprroduction is affected
      - Imperfect Flowers
      - Flowers that lack sepals/petals
        
        Nonessential organs
    - - Have both essential organs
    - - Species that produce
        
        Only staminate flowers
        
        Only carpellate flowers
      - Weed
      - Dates
      - Willows
      - Papya
      - Lifecycle has 4 types
        
        Microgametophytes
        
        Megagametophytes
        
        Staminate sporophytes
        
        Carpellate sporophytes
      - Ensures pollination
    - - Having staminate and carpellate flowers on same plant
      - Cattails
      - Corn
      - Cucumber family
        
        Melons
        
        Squash
        
        Pumpkins
  - - - =greater chance of pollination
      - Expends a lot of energy
        
        Underwent coevolution
    - - Radially symmetrical
      - Bilatterally symmetric
        
        Zygomorphic
    - - Poison
      - Spines
      - Schelird barriers
  - - - Grasses
      - Oaks
      - Hickories
      - Conifers
  - - - Long styles
      - Stamen filaments
    - - Inferior Ovary
      - Epigynous
      - Superior ovary
      - Half-inferior ovary
- - - - Trunks
      - Other flowers
      - Leaves
  - - - Larger the cost
  - - - from large group of flowers
    - - Limited to potential growth
    - - Outermost flowers open first
      - No dominate main axis
- - - - Tissues of fruit
      - Ovary wall
    - - Olny ovarian tissue
    - - Nonoverian tissue
    - - Raspbarries
    - - Most common
    - - Figs
      - Mulberries
      - Pinapple
  - - - Not usually eaten
    - - Eaten normally
    - - release seeds
    - - do not release seeds