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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination…

- - - - formed where flowers would be
- - - - limited potential for growth
    - - lowest or outermost flowers
- - - - sperm or egg
    - - fertilized egg
    - - always diploid
      - one phase of the plant life cycle
    - - haploid plant
      - the plant that produces gametes
      - microgametophyte
        
        male
      - megagametophyte
        
        female
    - - two types of spores is known as heterospory
      - microspores
      - megaspores
  - - - flower stalk
    - - lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages
      - calyx
        
        all sepals together
    - - above the sepals
      - together make corolla
    - - above the petals
      - known as androecium
      - two parts
        
        filament
        
        stalk
        
        anther
        
        pollen production
    - - constitute the gynoecium
      - three main parts
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
        
        style
        
        elevates the stigma
        
        ovary
        
        megaspores are produced
  - - - divides mitotically
        
        vegatative cell
        
        generative cell
      - polle tube
        
        penetrates into tissues of stigma
    - - embryo sac
        
        term for multinucleate megagametophyte
      - produce seven cells
        
        one large central cell with two polar nuclei
        
        three small antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus consisting of two synergids
  - - - syngamy of sperm and egg
      - fusion of the protoplasts of gametes
    - - fusion of the nuclei
    - - triploid
        
        containing three full sets of genes
    - - the process of both sperm and nuclei undergoing fusions
  - - - pushes embryo deep into endosperm
    - - two primordia
    - - embryonic stem
    - - short axis
      - embryonic root
    - - root/shoot junction
  - - - ovary matures
    - - outer layer
    - - middle layer
    - - innermost layer
    - - composed of one, two, or all three layers
- - - - chemical reactions between pollen and carpels
  - - - latter two organs
      - produce crittcally important spores
    - - flowers that lack either or both essential organs
    - - flower has both
    - - sepals and petals do not produce spores
  - - - flower becoming adaptive for insect
    - - flowers are bilaterally symmetrical
  - - - receptacle tissue grows upward around ovary
    - - ovary is above other flower parts
    - - partially buried ovaries
- - - - fruits containing ovarian tissue
    - - any nonovarian tissue present
    - - most common kind
    - - seperate carpels on one gynoecium fuse
    - - individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
  - - - dry
        
        not eaten by natural seed-distributing animals
        
        dehiscent fruits
        
        break open and release seeds
        
        indehiscent fruits
        
        don't break open and release seeds
      - fleshy
        
        eaten during the natural seed distribution process