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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (fruit development (exocarp,…

- - - - all have some kind of genetic diversity
    - - pollination of a carpel by pollen from the same flower
  - - - this prevents self-fertilization
    - - probably closely related
        
        pollen comes from nearby plants
        
        seeds fall and germinate near the plant
  - - - inhibit self-pollination
      - chemical reactions between pollen and carpels
        
        prevent pollen growth
    - - stigma and style test proteins
      - in self pollination
        
        pollen tube genes match stigma and style
  - - - produce critically important spores
        
        when one organ is not present
        
        drastically affect sexual reproduction
        
        "imperfect flower"
        
        when both organs are present
        
        perfect flower
        
        sexual reproduction is capapbility
      - stamens and carpels
    - - staminate flowers on same plant as carpellate flowers
      - monoecious species
        
        cattails and corn
      - fertilization
        
        carpels develop into large fruits #
    - - extreme adaption
      - ensures cross-pollination
        
        plant produces one spore that cannot pollinate itself
    - - had dramatic impact on evolution of plants
        
        insects pollinated flowers with certain qualities
        
        these qualities were selected for evolution
      - increase probability of pollen reaching stigma
        
        often pollen was put on the wrong species
        
        other species developed
    - - attracting pollinators is unnecessary
        
        often do not have sepals
      - grow in dense populations (grasses)
    - - must be well protected from pollinators
      - must be very close to the pollinators
      - inferior ovary
        
        receptacle tissue grows upward
        
        superior ovary
        
        ovary is above the other flower parts
        
        ovary is below other organs
- - - - individual parts become self sufficient
        
        these parts establish adventitious roots
        
        if portions of the plant die cells will spereater
        
        parts of the plant act as separate individuals
- - - - number of healthy, viable seedlings that are established
    - - inflorescences can increase reproductive success
        
        indeterminate inflorescence
        
        lowest/outermost flowers open first
        
        determinate inflorescences
        
        Inflorescence apex is converted to flower
      - large flowers have more ovules
        
        can produce more nectar
    - - det
- - - - part of the sporophyte generation
      - sporophytes always dipliod
        
        also have organs
        
        produce haploid plants
    - - gametes fuse with other gametes
      - produce the diploid zygote
    - - undergrow mitosis
        
        grow into a new haploid plant a gametophyte
        
        plant = phyte
        
        gameto- = gamete
        
        haploid gametophyte does not resemble a diploid sporophyte
        
        megagametophyte
        
        female
        
        produce megaspores
        
        mircogametophyte
        
        male
        
        produce microspores
  - - - pedicel
      - at the very end is the receptacle
        
        where other flower parts are attached
    - - four types
        
        sepals
        
        lower most and outermost of all four
        
        modified leaves that protect bud during development
        
        all together are called the calyx
        
        don't develop in wind pollinators
        
        petals
        
        together make up the corolla
        
        attract the correct pollinators
        
        similar to leaves
        
        stamens
        
        collectively the androecium
        
        produce pollen
        
        two parts
        
        filament (stalk)
        
        anther
        
        where pollen is produced
        
        carpels
        
        constitute the gynoecium
        
        three main parts
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
        
        style
        
        elevates stigma
        
        ovary
        
        where megaspores are produced
        
        contain placentae
        
        contain ovules
        
        small structures
        
        have a funiculus
        
        1 more item...
        
        mass of parenchyma called nucellus
        
        develops into seed when egg is fertilized
        
        most flowers have all four types
        
        usually same number of each type
  - - - formation of sperm cells occurs while pollen in anther
      - pollen grain lands on stigma
        
        produces a pollen tube
    - - develops from megaspore
      - embryo sac
        
        term for multinucleate megagametophyte
  - - - plasmogamy
        
        fusion of protoplasts of the gametes
      - karyogamy
        
        fusion of the nuclei
    - - second sperm nucleus released from the pollen tube #
        
        undergoes karyogamy with both polar nuclei
  - - - zygote begins to grow
        
        becomes small cluster of cells
        
        becomes embryo proper
        
        becomes embryo proper
      - grow both nuclear and cellular divisions
    - - embryo is an elongate cylinder
      - short axis is established
        
        radicle
        
        embryonic root
        
        contaijs several primorodia for lateral roots
        
        hypocotyl
        
        root/shoot junction
        
        epicotyl
        
        embryonic stem
        
        may bear few small leaves
      - monocots
        
        one cotyledon generally does not become thick and filled
        
        cotyledons contain mostly starch and protein
        
        endosperm remains and is present in mature seed
        
        in cereals we eat mostly endosperm
        
        in mature seeds when endosperm is abundant
        
        albuminous seed
  - - - ovary develops into fruit
    - - outer layer
      - "skin or peel"
    - - flesh
      - "middle layer"
    - - may be touch like stones
      - "pit of a cherry"
    - - entire fruit wall
- - - - result in protection of seeds
        
        must be able to break out to make germination possible
      - result in distribution of seed
  - - - if nonovarain fruit is present
  - - - is fruit dry or fleshy
        
        dry
        
        fruit that is eaten by seed-distributing animals
        
        fleshy
        
        eaten during natural seed distributing processed
    - - dehiscent
        
        break open to release seeds
      - indehiscent
        
        do not break open to release seeds
    - - fruit and seeds must be light