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Alcohol (Effects (Vascular dilation (Lower blood pressure, Decreased body…
Alcohol
Effects
Decreased cognitive inhibition
Slurred speech
Delayed reaction time
Vascular dilation
Lower blood pressure
Decreased body temp
Ecstasy
Incoordination
Common forms
Beer
Wine
Spirits
Moonshine
Whisky
Vodka
Use
Recreation
Medical
Denatured product as a disinfectant
Industrial
solvent
Regulation
Legal in the U.S.
Sale
Must be 21+ to purchase or consume
Specific sales laws vary by state
Concerns
Short-term
Binge drinking
Hangover
Alcohol poisoning
Dehydration
Lowered cognitive inhibitions
More likely to engage in risky behavior
Long-term
Brain damage
Liver damage
Increased cancer risks
CV disease
Immune deficit
Alcohol dependence
Social and economic stress
Withdrawal
Hormone imbalances
Nerve damage
Classification
Depressant
Administration
Oral ingestion
How it works
Depresses CNS
Enhances inhibitory effects of GABA as well as other neurtotransmitters
Inhibits glutamatergic (excitatory) neurons
Cannabis
Effects
Change to talkativeness
Slowed cognition
Slower reaction times
Potential hallucinogenic effects
Increased appetite
Increased heart rate
Red eyes
Common forms
Hashish
Edibles
Processed fiber "pot"
Regulation (US)
Federally Illegal
Unless state has overwriting laws
Varies by state
Legal for medical use
Legal for recreation
Both (OR, WA, CA, NV, CO, ME, VT, MA, MI, AK, D.C.)
Sale (legality can vary even by county)
Medical
Must be prescribed by a physician
Recreational
Must be 21+ to purchase or use
Use
Recreation
Medical
Pain management
Antiemetic
How it works
THC binds to CB1 & CB2 receptors
CB1 are throughout the body
Effects CV system
CB2 are mostly in immune cells
Binds to neurons in brain
Inhibits GABA
Boosts dopamine levels in synapse
Concerns
Short-term
Less competent short term memory
Reduced spatial awareness
Long-term
(If smoked) Increased lung cancer risk
Risk for anxiety disorders
Immune deficiency
Dependence
Withdrawal
Administration
Inhaled
Ingested
Classification
Various
Depressant
Stimulant
Hallucinogenic
Tobacco
Common forms
Cigars
Cigarettes
Chewing tobacco
Pipe tobacco
Gum
Dermal patch
Routes of administration
Oral inhalation
Buccal
Transdermal
Intranasal
Regulation
Sale
Advertisement heavily restricted
Must be over 18 or 21 y.o. depending on state legislation
Use
Must be over 18 or 21 y.o. depending on state legislation
How it works
Mimics acetylcholine
Binds to and blocks receptors in cholinergic synapses
Binds to and blocks sensory nerves
Stimulates release of adrenaline
Effects
Mental
Better focus
Help keep you awake
Relaxation
Physical
Increased heart rate
Increased breathing
Increased platelet adhesiveness
Loss of appetite
Increased blood pressure
Concerns
Short-term
Heightened acute risk of stroke
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Risk of nicotine addiction
Long-term
Chronic hypertension
Nicotine dependency
Withdrawal symptoms
Much higher risk of
Lung cancer
Oral cancer
Emphysema
Heart disease
Stroke
Use
Recreation
Classification
Stimulant (Nicotine)
Caffeine
Common forms
Soft drinks
Energy drinks
OTC products
Coffee
Tea
Chocolate
Effects
Physical
Increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
Increased frequency of urination
Increased time to fall asleep
Mental
Evidence to suggest decrease in cognitive performance
Concerns
Short-term
Increased risk of arrythmia (at high dose)
Risk of overdose
Long-term
Risk to unborn fetus in pregnant mothers
Increased risk of heart disease
Routes of administration
Oral ingestion
Use
Stimulant
Classification
Stimulant
How it works
Blocks adenosine receptors
Prevents inhibitory NTs from being released
Regulation
Beverages cannot exceed 400mg per serving
Meth
Routes of administration
Oral ingestion
Intranasal inhalation
Intravenous injection
Oral inhalation
Common forms
crystal
powder
tablets
How its used
Recreational
Strategic
Stimulant for soldiers
Medicinal
Historically used for narcolepsy, depression, and fatigue
Amphetamines today used for ADHD
Effects
Physical
Reduced appetite
Reduces fatigue
Increased heart rate
Increased bloop pressure
Increased respiration
Mental
Increased productivity
Prevents cognitive disruption by fatigue and sleep deprivation
Better focus/concentration
Concerns
Short-term
Tachyphylaxis
Acute toxicity
Behavior alteration
Lack of sleep
Long-term
Increased paranoia
Development of psychosis
Risk of malnutrition
Increased risk of heart disease
Classification
Stimulant
Regulation
Schedule II
Rx only for non-illicit amphetamines
How it works
Increase monoamine transmitter activity
Increase activity of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
Nitrous oxide "laughing gas"
Classification
Depressant
Use
Recreation
Medical
Gaseous anesthetic
Common forms
Pure nitrous oxide canisters
Canned whipped cream
Regulation
Legal to possess
Depending on state misuse may be prosecutable
How it works
Activates opioid and GABA receptors
Opioid peptides released resulting in analgesic effects
Activates GABA-A receptors
Anxiolytic effect
Inhibits NMDA receptors
Results in anesthetic effect
Effects
Physical
Anesthetic: inhibits sensation
Analgesic: inhibits pain
Dizziness
Mental
Relieves anxiety/nervousness
Feelings of euphoria/happyness
Routes of administration
Oral inhalation
Concerns
Short-term
Risk of suffocation
Risk of behavioral toxicity
Risk of fainting
Long-term
Risk of B12 deficiency
Immune deficiency
Opioids
Common forms
Opium
Heroin
Codeine
Morphine
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Routes of administration
Oral ingestion
Intravenous injection
Use
Medical
Analgesic
Recreational
Effects
Physical
Dizziness
Analgesic
Anti-diarhhea
Antitussive
Drowsiness
Psychological
Euphoria
Anti-anxiety
Concerns
Short-term
Risks of overdose
Hypoxia
Nausea
Vomiting
Injury from loss of coordination
Long-term
Tolerance
Physical dependency
Withdrawal
Cross-dependency
Regulation
Schedule II substance
Requires Rx
Rx exclusive to patient it is written for, illegal for anyone else to use
Illicit forms illegal
Street heroin
Classification
Depressant
How it works
Brain contains opioid pain receptors
Mu/Kappa receptors
Opioids bind and effect acute pain perception
Delta receptors
Opioids bind and effect chronic pain perception
Psychadelics
Common forms
Tablets
LSD
PCP
MDMA
Plants
Psilocybin mushrooms
Amanita muscuria
Belladonna
Use
Religious
Recreation
Routes of administration
Oral ingestion
Intranasal insufflation
Effects
Physical
Dilated pupils
Salivation
Increased heart rate
Increased body temperature
Psychological
Visual, auditory, sensory hallucinations
Synesthesia
Anxiety
Flashbacks
How it works
Indoles
Reaches the brain through bloodstream
Thought to act upon serotonin receptors
Catechols
Resembles catecholine
Indirectly act on serotnin 2A receptors
Concerns
Long-term
Anxiety
Paranoia
Short-term
Acute toxicity
Overdose
Injury from impairment
Classification
Hallucinogenic
Regulation
Possession, manufacturing, transportation outlawed
Common class
Depressants
Stimulants
Common effects
CV stimulation
Cog depression