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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (Flower Structure…
Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
within angiosperms
method
fragmentation
large spreading
vining
Sexual Reproduction
Plant Life Cycle
diploid adults
produce
#
haploid sex cells
gametes
sperms
males
eggs
females
fertilized
zygote
syngamy
fertilization
fused gametes
meiosis
sporophyte phase
sporophyte generation
sporophytes
#
diploid
organs
meiosis
spores
haploid
gametophyte
new haploid cell
oogamous
male
microgametophytes
microspores
female
megagametophytes
megaspores
alternation of generations
two generations
sporophyte
gametophyte
heteromorphic generations
Flower Structure
stem
leaf like structures
:forbidden:woody
:forbidden:secondary growth
stalk
pedicel
axis
receptacle
appendages
sepals
lowermost
outermost
enclose mature parts
thickest
toughest
waxiest
multiple sepals
calyx
petals
multiple
corolla
together
perianth
stamens
collective
androecium
two parts
filament
stalk
anther
pollen produced
neighboring anters
tapetum
pollen
carpels
gynoecium
highest level
receptacle
three parts
stigma
catches pollen
style
elevates stigma
ovary
#
megaspores produced
inside
placentae
ovules
small structures
central mass
nucellus
parenchyma
megasporocytes
enlarge
all four
complete flower
lack 1-2
incomplete flowers
Gametophytes
microgametophyte
vegetative cell
large
generative cell
small
lens-shaped
germinates
produces pollen tube
megagametophyte
multinucleated megagametophyte
embryo sac
central cells
one large
polar nuclei
two
antipodial cells
three small
egg aparatus
two synergids
egg
Fertilization
plasmogamy
fusion
protoplasts
gametes
karyogamy
fusion
nuclei
endosperm nucleus
large
triploid
double fertilization
all tissue
endosperm
Embryo and Seed Development
suspensor
pushes embryo
cotyledons
basal angiosperms
eudicots
torpedo stage
radicle
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic stem
hypocotyl
shoot
root
endosperm
abundant
albuminous seed
sparse
exalbuminous
seed coat
tests
mature
expand
Fruit development
exocarp
outer layer
skin
peels
mesocarp
middle layer
flesh
endocarp
innermost layer
tough
thin
pericarp
entire fruit wall
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Cross-pollination
#
self pollination
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
compatibility barriers
inhibits self-pollination
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
essential organs
produce
critical spores
imperfect flowers
lack
essentials organs
perfect flowers
has both
nonessential organs
sepals and petals
:red_cross:produce spores
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
coevolution
actinomorphic
regular
zygomorpic
bilaterally symmetrical
Ovary Position
Inferior Ovary
epigynous
superior ovary
hypogynous parts
intermediate
half-inferior
perigynous
flowers
Inflorescences and Pollination
visual signal
two arrangements
determines inflorescences
indeterminate inflorescences
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
#
True fruits and accessory fruits
true fruit
ovarian tissue
accessory fruit
false fruit
nonovarian tissue
simple fruit
single ovary
aggregate fruit
multiple fruit
Classification of Fruit Types
emphasis
dry
fleshy
Dehiscent fruits
break open
release seeds
Inhehiscent fruits
do not
