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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (Flower Structure (complete…

- - - - large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters
      - individual parts become self-sufficient
        
        by adventitious roots
        
        adventitious buds may grow out while parent plant is still alive
- - - - microspore nucleus divides
        
        forming the large vegetative cell and small generative cell
        
        generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells
      - germinates by producing a pollen tube
        
        pollen tube grows down the style and toward the ovary
    - - embryo sac
        
        multinucleate megagametophyte
      - 7 cells are 1 large cell and 2 polar nuclei , 3 small antipodal cells, and an egg apparatus
  - - - fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
    - - fusion of the nuclei
    - - product of the second sperm undergoing karyogamy with both polar nuclei
      - this process is called double fertilization
    - - nourishes the development of the zygote
  - - - the flower stalk
    - - very end of the axis, where the other flower parts are attached
    - - sepals
        
        lowermost and outermost of the appendages
        
        modified leaves that surround and enclose the other flower parts
        
        typically the thickest, toughest, & waxiest part of the flower
        
        calyx
        
        all the sepals together
      - petals
        
        above the sepals
        
        corolla
        
        all petals together
        
        perianth
        
        all the sepals and petals together
        
        contain pigments other than chlorophyll
        
        attract correct pollinators
      - stamens
        
        above the petals
        
        androecium
        
        all the stamens
        
        male part of the flower
        
        2 parts
        
        the filament and anther
        
        pollen is produced in the anther
      - carpels
        
        constitute the gynoecium
        
        located at the highest level of the receptacle
        
        3 main parts
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
        
        style
        
        elevates the stigma to a useful position
        
        ovary
        
        where megaspores are produced
        
        inside the ovary are placentae
        
        this bears the ovules
    - - lack 1 or 2 of the four basic appendages
  - - - stalk that pushes the embryo into the endosperm
    - - 2 primordia that have grown from the end of the embryo
    - - a mature seed in which endosperm is rather abundant
    - - endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity
    - - mature integuments that surround the nucleus
  - - - called the sporophyte plase
        
        sporophytes are always diploid
    - - gametes can fuse with other gametes
        
        called syngamy/fertilization
        
        produces the diploid zygote
      - spores can not undergo syngamy
        
        each undergoes mitosis and grows into a haploid plant called a gametophyte
    - - grow from microspores
    - - grow from megaspores
    - - life cycle with 2 generations (sporophyte and gametophyte)
      - also heteromorphic generations
  - - - outer layer
      - the skin or peel
    - - middle layer
      - the flesh
    - - innermost layer
    - - the entire fruit wall
- - - - stamens and carpals
    - - flowers that lack either or both essential organs
    - - flower that has both essential organs
    - - sepals and petals
    - - individuals that produce only stamen and individuals that produce only carpals
    - - having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers
  - - - flowering becoming adapted for visitation by a particular insect
      - has happened between flowers and birds and between flowers and bats
  - - - chemical reactions between pollen and carpals that prevent pollen growth
  - - - located below the other organs
    - - above other flower parts
    - - partially buried ovaries
  - - - pollination of a carpal by pollen from the same flower or another flower by the same plant
- - - - fruits containing only ovarian tissue
    - - false fruit
      - term used if any nonovarian tissue is present
    - - fruit develops from a single ovary or the fused ovaries of one flower
      - most common kind
    - - separate carpals of one gynoecium fuse during development
      - raspberries
    - - all of the individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
      - figs, mulberries, and pineapple
  - - - one that is not typically eaten by the natural seed-distributing animals
    - - those that are eaten during the natural see distribution process
    - - break open and release seeds
    - - do not release the seeds