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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction :red_flag: (Flower structure…
Flowers and Reproduction
Concepts :red_flag:
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Reproduction
producing offsprings
identical copies of the parental genes
new individuals
genetically different
survive better
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under some conditions
under some conditions
those who are homogeneous
survive better
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sexual reproduction
sex cells of 1 plant
combines w/ those of other
may be one or more
sex cells
very small
many can be produced by a single plant
if environment is stable during lifetimes
selectively advantageous
reproduce asexually
by budding
or sending out runners
new similarly adapted individuals
rapid colonization is possible
even isolated ones can reproduce
disadvantage
no variability
progeny - affected by minor changes
seeds
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produced by sexual reproduction
means of long-distance dispersal
ex.
strawberries are eaten
seeds late defecated
Sexual Reproduction :red_flag:
in angiosperms involves flowers
produce necessary cells/structures
The Plants Life Cycle :check:
more complex than mammal life cycle
sporophyte phase
or sporophyte generation
trees, shrubs, herbs
one phase
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SPOROPHYTE :star:
ALWAYS DIPLOID :star:
have in flowers of angiosperms
cells
capable of undergoing meiosis
results: HAPLOID SPORES
produces spores
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cannot undergo syngamy
each undergo mitosis
grows into entire new haploid plant cells
GAMETOPHYTE :star:
plants that produces gametes
Flower structure :check:
flower
stem w/ leaf-like structures
never become woody
:red_cross:secondary growth
stalk
pedicle
very end is receptable
four types of floral appendages
sepals, petals, stamens. carpels
complete flowers
have all four
example
lilies - 3 of everything
incomplete flowers
lack one or more of the basic appendages
Sepal
lowermost/outermost
modified leaves
surround/enclose other parts
as they mature
thickest, toughest, waxiest
petals
above the sepals on the receptable
leaf-like
made up of corolla
with sepals
make up perianth
Megagametophyte
within the ovule
surviving megaspore develops
Fertilization :check:
plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts of gametes
karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei
pollen tube grows
downward
guided to the ovule's microphyle
through the style toward ovule
Embryo and Seed Development :check:
endosperm nucleus proliferates
zygote begins to grow
small cluster of cells
part becomes embryo proper
other becomes a short stalk-like structure
suspensor
pushes embryo down the endosperm
by both nuclear and cellular division
co-enocytic stage never occurs in the embryo
Flower Structure and Cross -Pollination :red_flag:
Cross Pollination :check:
pollination of carpal
by pollen of different individual
self - pollination
pollination by same flower
or by another flower on the same plant
plant population
genetic diversity
random mutation
Stamen and Style Maturation Times :check:
anthers release pollen
while stigma tissues are immature
style may not have elongated yet
stigma may be near the base
anthers are at the top
elevated by elongated filaments
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility :check:
self - pollination
inhabitated by compatibility barriers
chemical rxn
b/w pollen and carpals
prevent pollen growth
Monoecious and Dioecious Species :check:
essential organs
stamens/carpals
produce critically important spores
if either organ is absent
sexual reproduction is affected
imperfect flowers
if both present
perfect flowers
even if sepals/petals absent
nonessential organs
sepals/petals
do not produce spores
Animal - Pollinated Flowers :check:
dramatic impact
brightly colored petals
attract animals
big flowers
or small cluster flowers
attract animals
scented flowers
nectar
anthers - don't hang out of flowers
sticky pollen grains
Asexual Reproduction :red_flag:
within angiosperms
numerous methods of asexual reproduction
most common: Fragmentation
large spreading plant grows
several meters
individual parts
become sufficient
by establishing adventitious roots
if middle part of dies
ends become separated
acts as individuals
Willows/thistles
adventitious shoot buds
form on roots
and then grow into plants
may grow out
even while the parent plant is still alive
Inflorescence and Pollination :red_flag:
positioning of flowers - important
few species have plants
that produce only a single flower
many flowers are produced
either within a single year
or over a period of many years
example
mountain ash or cherry tree
produces thousands of flower
every year for over 100 years
inflorescence
many flowers grouped together
give a visual signal to pollinators
one small flower may be overlooked
but hundreds are together (close)
Indeterminate and determinate
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal :red_flag:
fruits are adaptations
that result in protection/distribution of seeds
many different agents disperse fruits/seeds
only what they contact
gravity, wind, water, animals - common
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits :check:
pericarp
tissues of the fruit regardless of their origins
true fruits
fruits containing only ovarian tissue
accessory fruit
or false fruit
any nonovarian tissue is present
Classification of Fruit Types :check:
several ways of grouping/classifying
one method
whether fruit is dry or fleshy
dry fruit
not typically eaten
fleshy fruit
eaten during natural distribution process
further classification of dry fruit
emphasizes fruit opening
dehiscent fruits
break open/releases seeds
indehiscent fruits
don't do the above
