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First 5 Presidents (John Adams (XYZ Affair: A commission had been sent to…
First 5 Presidents
John Adams
XYZ Affair: A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.
Alien/Sedition Acts: Contains four parts: Raised :star: the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Alien :star: Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. :star: Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.) The :star: Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.
Midnight Appointments: On March 2-3, 1801, Congress reduced the number of Supreme Court justices, but greatly increased the number of federal judges. President Adams with Federalists quickly filled the new federal judge positions in the last hours of his presidency. This is significant because it ensured that the Federalists still had a hold on part of the government.
Federalists: Read the Constitution in a loose manner. They want a strong central government, and they support the national bank. They also favored using national debt to establish credit and they were pro business. Strong standing armies and navies were something that the federalists want for defense. They also believed that political power should rest with the wealthy educated men. They're also pro British and their lifestyle is generally businessmen from the commercial northeast, but also included professionals artisans, congregational ministers, and rural people satisfied with the status quo
Jeffersonian-Republicans: Read the Constitution in a strict manner, they have a weak and central government, and they didn't support the national bank. They favored paying off the national debt and they were pro agriculture.They were against large standing armies and navies and they believed that common men should hold political power. They were also pro French. Lifestyle tended to be more diverse including southern slaveholders, urban artisans, tradespeople and commercial farmers.
John Marshall: Appointed by John Adams as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was also sent by John Adams to meet up with the French agents in the XYZ Affair.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.
George Washington
Whiskey Rebellion: In 1974, Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against Hamilton's tax on whiskey. Several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by the attempts to arrest the offenders. Showed the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shey's rebellion.
Farewell Address: George Washington's advice for the people to not make political parties, and to not form any foreign alliances for the sake of the U.S.
Hamilton's Economic Plan: Washington sided with Hamilton's plan for the nation and to increase the power of the central government. Had four points: Pay the National Debt on time and in full, assume all state debts into the national debt, tariffs and excise taxes to raise revenue, and to create the National Bank.
Thomas Jefferson
Barbary Pirates: President Jefferson sent a naval squadron to resolve the issue of the constant attacks on the trading vessels by pirates from the North African Barbary states (1801). After failing to achieve most of its military objectives, the administration signed an 1805 treaty ending the war.
Embargo Act: In response to British attack on American warship of the coast of Virginia, this 1807 law prohibited foreign commerce. This blocked all the trading entrances from both the French and the British in order to prevent anymore conflicts between them and the U.S.
Louisiana Purchase: U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation. This also led to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
James Monroe
Era of Good Feelings: Period in political history of the U.S that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire of unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812.
Monroe Doctrine: Proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the U.S or in development of other countries within the Western Hemisphere.
James Madison
The War of 1812: Fought between Britain and the U.S. largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a draw, it shows America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the nation new found respect among the European nations.
Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party.