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Motives of the Crusaders (Second Crusade (social (yes (history of…

- - - - sancitified violence
        
        Tancred de Hauteville wanted to continue being a knight but also knew violence was unchristian like
        
        penance of going on crusade whilst also performing duties of a knight was appealing
        
        Violence was prominent because fighting over land constantly but the Church did not like this so calling the crusade sorted this problem out
      - feudal obligations
        
        Tancred de Hauteville was Bohemond of Taranto's nephew
        
        Stephen of Blois did not want to go on the crusade but his wife persuaded him to go with his Brother in law = Robert of Normandy
      - Links to crusade already
        
        Hugh of Vermandois had fought in spain against the Muslims and saw the First crusade as an extension of this
        
        Raymond of Toulouse supported the papacy and had links to papal legate
    - - Actually religious
        
        Sanctified violence meant that they would get remission of sins
        
        Link to the papacy can be seen as a religious motive because it meant that the person was very pious
      - Actually economic
        
        feudal anarchy meant people had to go out to get land so this is more of an economic motive
        
        Tancred who went with Bohemond went for Economic gain e.g. his conquests in Armenia
      - Not as influential a factor
        
        without the crusader leaders being motivated religiously and economically there would be no overlords to follow
        
        religious motives of calling crusade = most important factor
  - - - papal promises to crusaders
        
        remission of sins
        
        first time that this was open to peasants which caused the People's Crusade
        
        Aim being Jerusalem
        
        one of the Pentarchy cities
      - Piety in the nobility on the crusade
        
        Raymond of Toulouse
        
        had been excommunicated by Pope Gregory twice
        
        in 1080s was repentant and supported the reform movement
        
        supported the papacy and was one of the first to take the cross
      - increase in popular piety
        
        Millenarianism: belief that judgement day was coming because death of Chris had been 1000 years ago
        
        Cult of the Holy Sephulchre was anti-semetic and these views increased
        
        meant that they were more likely to hate non-believers
    - - Raymond of Toulouse not that pious
        
        As had already been stated he had been excommunicated before and had opposed the Pope = not that religiously motivated
        
        aim to become the secular leader of Jerusalem
        
        met with Pope to discuss the crusade (aim may have come up)
        
        Had support of papal legate, Adhemar
      - Economic motives
        
        see economic
      - a lot of the actions of the crusaders do not show piety
        
        People's crusade killed the Bishop that was sheltering the Jews in Rhineland
        
        People's crusade also looted a lot of christian land
  - - - Population increase
        
        Meant that there was less land to go around + younger sons often didn't have enough land = no income
        
        going on crusade meant that they could gain land
        
        Tancred de Hauteville
      - trade
        
        Italian sea powers went on crusade to gain trade privileges on the eastern and Mediterranean coast
        
        these ports were centres for trade between east + west e.g. silk from China
      - economic distress
        
        caused by population increase + meant that lots of people were starving b/c of feudal anarchy
        
        meant that they had nothing to lose
        
        poor harvests
        
        opportunity for economic advancement in gaining land and booty
    - - most lost economically to go to the holy land
        
        crusading was expensive + cost roughly four x annual income of crusaders
        
        Most crusaders (Raymond of Toulouse) had to mortgage/sell their lands to go on crusade
      - Most wish to return home
        
        many charters didn't come into force unless the crusader died on the crusade = intention on going home + not staying w/ land gained
        
        Most did return home w/ Byzantine Fleet after taking Jerusalem (even Bohemond did)
      - Other motives
        
        Most were not younger sons who didn't have land, they were older sons or younger with land
- - - - history of crusading
        
        Quantum Praedecesores mentioned crusaders honouring their ancestors (those on first crusade)
        
        Conrad
        
        Duke Welf of Bavaria had lead a contingent on the crusade in 1101
      - feudal obligations
        
        duke Henry of Bavaria - Conrad's half brother went
      - gain prestige
        
        Louis wanted to gain prestige as military leader and cement his position as a king
        
        going on crusade meant that you would come back w/ honour
        
        status because of myths of first crusade
    - - other motives
        
        economic
      - religious piety more important for Louis
        
        groomed for church
        
        had to do penance
      - ppl didn't really care about it
        
        Quantum Praedecesores had no response initially
        
        A lot of merchants went on siege of Lisbon = more economic
  - - - remission of sins
        
        Pope offered remission of sins in call for the crusade
        
        Louis of France
        
        had feuded w/ Theobald of Champagne + burnt down a church in Vitry w/ ppl inside in 1143
        
        going on crusade was an act of penance for his sins
      - to convert non-believers
        
        Wendish/Baltic crusade
        
        wanted to convert the pagans to christianity (saxons wanted to extend their missionary work)
        
        Bernard + pope let it take place for this reason
        
        Lisbon siege
        
        fighting against the Moors in Portugal = infidel
        
        expeditions like this had happened before
      - Piety
        
        Louis was very pious because he had been groomed for a career in the Church as a younger son
        
        To help crusader states after fall of Edessa
        
        very religiously symbolic
    - - Baltic crusade and lisbon siege didn't convert
        
        Wendish crusade withdrew without making very many forced conversions (instead created truces)
        
        Siege of Lisbon
        
        most crusaders stayed their permanently after economic gain
      - Other motives
        
        economic: siege of Lisbon
        
        social: crusading history
      - Louis of France wanted to gain prestige
        
        would cement him as King of France b/c no army had been directly lead by king since Charlemagne
        
        would establish relations w/ east to increase prestige of his court
  - - - Siege of Lisbon
        
        A lot of merchants went on it hoping to gain booty and trading opportunities
        
        Most settled in Lisbon after the siege so obviously not religious but economic
      - Quantum Praedecesores
        
        suspended interests on debts = anyone who had debt could avoid this
        
        also protection of lands
    - - crusading was expensive
        
        Conrad had to leave others in charge + there were people contending for his land (solution - baltic crusade)
        
        had to mortgage land + stuff
      - risk of death
        
        Turks attack whilst Conrad and Louis crossing Anatolia = many died
        
        Louis had no male heir so if he died they would be in trouble
      - no land up for grabs
        
        a lot of Outremer already had leaders
        
        no one would become king of J because they already had king
  - - - can extend political control
        
        Louis of france got Theobald of Champagne to go on crusade with him
        
        history of fighting him
        
        then supporting them financially
        
        by asking those who aren't your vassals to go on crusade
      - some went to secure their land
        
        participants in Baltic crusade wanted to secure their borders
        
        Bernard made Conrad's rivals go so that Conrad would go
      - some went for honour and prestige
        
        prestige as military leader good in politics???
        
        Louis wanted to cement his position as King of France
    - - Other motives
      - only some went to secure land
        
        others risked losing land
        
        Louis of France
        
        Baltic crusade was not main crusade
- - - - feudal ties
        
        3 kings went and this was the biggest crusade ever
        
        nobles followed those kings
        
        80,000 followed FB
        
        most recruitment form HRE, England and France (from kings)
        
        counts under Philip took the cross such as the Count of Flanders and the Count of Blois
      - Family History of crusading
        
        The Angevin empire
        
        Richard the lionheart
        
        really big empire (Normandy, Anjou, and England)
        
        Richard the lionheart's mum, Eleanor, had gone on crusade
        
        His dad, Henry, had promised to go on the crusade but had died before he could fulfill this promise
      - Ties to the East
        
        Richard and Guy
    - - Richard did but his brother didn't
        
        John stayed and took his lands
        
        family ties not that important
      - Social factors not important
        
        Richard took the cross without the permission of his father
        
        this really irritated Henry and overlord Philip showing Richard disregarded his feudal ties
      - other factors
  - - - objective is Jerusalem
        
        higher recruitment because of higher religious zeal
        
        Saladin captured it in 1197 and Christians wanted it back
        
        FB brings 80,000 troops which is more than the whole of 1st crusade
      - Way Frederick Barbarossa organises and leads his army
        
        Calls gathering at Mainz + takes cross w/ many of his followers in front of religious figures such as a papal legate
        
        lots of preaching after receiving papal bull in Holy Roman empire: Bishop Henry of Strassbourg toured the empire
      - Promises from pope
        
        remission of sins
        
        more convincing than 2nd crusade because who had heard of Edessa
    - - Guy losing Jerusalem was economically bad
        
        all land and booty was up for grabs for crusaders
        
        Outremer needed revenue from Jerusalem
      - gave up in taking Jerusalem
        
        even though they were right outside and could have taken it
        
        Factionalism stopped them from doing this
      - Richard the Lionheart
        
        kept on suggesting Egypt instead
  - - - Guy had lost Jerusalem
        
        all land and booty up for grabs
        
        all land in KoJ apart from Tyre because Conrad had it
        
        Conrad and Guy fighting over Jerusalem - land and booty
        
        Outremer needed revenue from Jerusalem
      - Saladin Tithe
        
        richard the lionheart + Philip raise it
        
        any knight or noble not going had to pay 10% of movable goods towards crusade
        
        might take cross to avoid saladin tithe
        
        more of a motive in England because Richard raised it more successfully
      - avoiding debts or court cases
        
        crusaders exempt from debts by church during the crusade
        
        if you thought you would lose an upcoming court case you could go on the crusade to avoid it
        
        protection of land and property
    - - economic promises from Pope not that important
        
        they were not able to protect lands
        
        Richard had his lands taken by Philip and John during the crusade
        
        would still have to pay debts when you came back = not that important
      - crusading was expensive
        
        Saladin Tithe shows how much money needed to crusade
        
        Kings risked losing land
      - other motives
  - - - 3 kings went on crusade
        
        richard the Lionheart
        
        Philip of France
        
        Frederick Barbarossa
        
        could influence politics in the crusade
      - Knights and nobles motivated for kingdom of Jerusalem
        
        things like lordship of Galilee up for grabs
      - extending political control over people
        
        could ask those who weren't your vassals to go and then support them financially whilst on crusade
        
        extend power over those who were at the fringes of your kingdom
        
        Henry II was motivated in this way
        
        sent Bishop to Scotland and Wales to try and get those to sign up b.c
      - Lots of political factionalism
        
        Guy VS Conrad
        
        had to sort this out
        
        see timeline
    - - extending political control didn't work
        
        only some welsh went
        
        Scottish flat out said no
        
        Henry failed in that sense (also died)
      - factionalism was just a thing that happened
        
        the motive wasn't to sort it out
        
        they had to do this to achieve religious goal
      - other motives
- - - - Family History of Crusading
        
        Theobald of Champagne
        
        Father Henry I of Champagne had been on crusade
        
        Brother Henry II of Champagne was leader of 3rd crusade + was king of Jerusalem now
        
        Maternal grandparents were Louis of France and Eleanor of Acquitane
        
        Simon de Montfort
        
        his brother, Guy had gone on third crusade under Philip
      - links to Outremer
        
        Theobald of Champagne
        
        Brother Henry II of Champagne was king of Jerusalem after marrying Isabella
      - feudal ties
        
        Geoffrey of Vilehardouin went under Theobald of Champagne
        
        he lead the embassy to venice to negotiate transport = key role
    - - Most didn't have link to Outremer
        
        relations w/ East often strained
        
        Only a select few had family in crusader states e.g. Simon de Montfort did not
      - not as strong as 3rd crusade
        
        no kings went so less feudal ties than before + less recruitment
      - Other motives
  - - - wanted to take Jerusalem
        
        especially in rank and file
        
        Jerusalem very religiously significant
      - Tournaments
        
        church didn't like tournaments b/c of violence and pride
        
        called crusade so that tournament participants would be on crusade instead
      - religious zeal amongst crusaders
        
        secret of true destination kept from rank and file because they would want to go to Jerusalem
        
        Simon de Montfort resisted attacking Zara because it was a christian area
        
        attack on christians had been forbidden by the pope
        
        one it started he refused to participate and became one of the attack's most outspoken critic
    - - first objective was not to take Jerusalem
      - didn't achieve the objective of Jerusalem
      - went against pope in attacking fellow christians
  - - - Venetians
        
        got lots of money from the deal
        
        could gain trading privileges and connections in Egypt
        
        Alexandria was lucrative centre for the Spice trade
      - Constantinople
        
        Boniface key in diverting the crusade to Constantinople
        
        was willing to accept plan by Angelus
        
        may have had territorial ambitions
        
        had good relations with Byzantium (had been offered the hand of Isaac II's daughter)
      - Originally focused on Egypt
        
        Alexandria = port for spice trade
        
        Egypt also source of sugar and other expensive resources
        
        good agricultural land around Nile Delta
    - - venetians
        
        really religious place
        
        wanted to gain prestige of being the ones who won back Jerusalem when England, France + HRE couldn't
        
        remission of sins and reducing time in purgatory
        
        had to shut up shop for a whole year so may have lost out on a more lucrative deal
      - Focus on Egypt
        
        Centre of Muslim power
        
        defeat the infidel
        
        also couldn't gain and keep Jerusalem with such a strong enemy
      - lots of participants were already rich
        
        Baldwin Count of Flanders
        
        Flanders centre of a very lucrative cloth trade
        
        Theobald of Champagne also very rich
  - - - Constantinople
        
        Baldwin of Boniface wanted to divert to Constantinople
        
        eventually became ruler of Constantinople
      - wanted to get away from conflict
        
        Richard of Lionheart died
        
        his allies didn't want war with philip but didn't want to ally with Richard's weaker younger brother
        
        e.g. Hugh, Duke of St Pol
        
        needed to go on crusade to avoid war with philip
        
        Crusading was enough penance that Philip would forgive them for their alliance with Richard
      - To gain reputation
        
        Hugh of St Pol wanted to gain a military reputation in the East
    - - most against constantinople
        
        rank and file
        
        Simon de Montfort opposed Zara as well
      - some crusaders had good relations w/ Philip
        
        Simon de Montfort
      - other motives