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Biology Paper 1 (B1: Enzymes (Questions (What are enzymes?, How do they…

- - - - Digestion - breakdown of polymers to monomers.
      - Synthesis - build up of monomers to polymers.
      - Digestion and synthesis happen slowly so your body needs enzymes to speed it up.
  - - - Substrate - startch
        
        simple sugars, glucose
    - - Substrate - fat (lipids)
        
        Product - fatty acids
    - - Substrate - Protein
        
        Product - amino acids
  - - - As temperature increases to the optimum, the kinetic energy of the enzyme and substrate increases, causing more collisions between the enzyme and substrate.
        
        This causes the formation of more enzyme - substrate complexes, leading to an increase in enzyme activity. As the temperature increase over the optimum temperature the enzyme's active site becomes denatured.
    - - The higher the enzyme concentration, the more enzymes there are to form enzyme-substrate complexes, leading to an increase in enzyme activity.
    - - Deviating from the optimum pH (too high or too low) causes the enzyme’s active site to become denatured and the active site loses its important shape.
      - It can no longer form enzyme-substrate complexes, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity.
  - - - set up water baths at various temperatures (e.g. 0°C, 20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C).
        
        Add starch solution to 5 test tubes.
        
        Add amylase solution to another 5 test tubes.
        
        Place one starch and one amylase test tube into each water bath for 5 minutes - to allow the enzyme and substrate to reach the desired temperature.
        
        Place 1 drop of iodine into each dimple on a spotting tile.
        
        Add the amylase to the starch in the 0°C water bath.
        
        Start the timer.
        
        Every minute remove a sample of the starch-amylase solution and add it to a drop of iodine on the spotting tile.
        
        Repeat step 8 until the iodine no longer changes colour - meaning that there is no starch present, in other words the amylase has broken all starch down.
        
        Repeat steps 6-9 for each of the temperatures.
        
        Record results.
- - - - What are its functions?
        
        The main function of egg cell is to join with the male cell (sperm cell) for the purpose of reproduction. They also provide foodfor new cells thatare made in the process.
    - - What are it's functions?
        
        The main function of the cell is just like the main purpose of the egg cell, for the purpose or reproduction.
    - - What are it's functions?
        
        Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs, called cilia, move back and forth to help move particles out of our body.