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Route Planning/ Navigation (Resources (maps (useful to carry more than one…
Route Planning/ Navigation
Factors to be Considered When Planning Route
what is the goal
do you want a challenge, easiest way there, trying to avoid certain obstacle (portage area, river crossing), route that is easiest to navigate (trails well marked, not major crossing, etc)
read your audience
recreational hiking tourists will want the easiest route
crux points
figure this out and then plan rest of route around this
hardest point
Role of Route Planning in Facilitating Navigation
easier to navigate when you know where you're going vs trying to navigate when lost or through unfamiliar territory that you didn't plan for
you can have planned navigation methods based on having planned your route (knowing where you are on map if trail isn't very visible, when you will take bearings, etc
stop/ rest points
knowing you need to get to certain landmark to stop or camp out, knowing when you are getting close to stopping points, where campsites are located
Strategies
Orienteering Terminology
https://orienteeringusa.org/new-o/o-lingo
Contingency Plan
always have a plan B for emergencies- it can be included in your RMP (backup plan)
things to do when you've messed up
take a bearing to try to figure out where you are
walk along flowing water downstream
get to highest elevation possible and start signaling for help and looking for signs of people
DO NOT wander around aimlessly- figure out a direction to move in, or stay put
be ready to find shelter and camp out for the night- know when it is close to getting dark so you have adequate time to prepare
counting paces- know how far you are walking by counting paces and knowing how many paces 100 meters is for you
could also be backup plan for if things are going well
ex. if you traveled quicker than expected and are ahead of schedule
Estimating Speed, Distance, and Time
variables that affect speed
terrain, group size, group dynamics, weather, environment, goal, physical condition of group, motivation
Naismith's rule
takes 1 hour to walk 3 miles on flat ground
add on another hour for every 2,000 ft ascended and 1/2 hour for every 2,000 feet descended
distance= speed X time
measure how many steps it takes you to walk 100 meters
can figure out distance based on steps, or figure out how many steps it should take you to get to landmark
can also time how long it takes you to walk 100 meters and do it that way so you don't have to count each step
Resources
maps
will show elevation changes, features, landmarks, and spots for camping
useful to carry more than one map of area, as some maps may miss details
paddlers vs hikers map on canoe trip
make sure they are not outdated
compass
can take bearings or find out what direction to keep going in
guidebook
should note features and landmarks
GPS
connected to satellite, so it can be the most precise method of telling location
trail signs/ markers
to know if you get off trail and sometimes tell distance, so you can tell around when you should get to destination
Coordinate System
UTM/ UPS
Universal Transverse Mercator
Used by Garmin
used on most topographic maps
Universal Polar Stereographic
used in conjunction with UTM
LAT/ LONG
geographic coordinate system
Permits
each area may have their own rules/ regulations which may include permits- research before going out
probably more likely to need permits in national parks, high risk zones, high altitude zones
how to get permits
when researching, there should be directions on how to get permits if you need them
can get them as you enter park but may need to get them ahead of time
References
Hicks, Ed (2019).
Orienteering Lingo
https://orienteeringusa.org/new-o/o-lingo