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Geograghy Year 8 Term 2 (Map Types (dot distribution maps (uses shapes to…
Geograghy Year 8 Term 2
7 key Geographical concepts
Space
geograghers investigate a way that things are mapped and arranged
location - where things are located on the earths surface
spacial disorientation- shapes and patterns
orientation - the way things face
Place
are parts of the earths surface that are identified and given meaning by people
can be as small as your bedroom or as bogas the earth
can be natural or built like Uleroo or the effle tower
climate, landscapes, types of plants and resourses, social qualities
indiginous deeper connection
geographers use the concept of place when conducting geographic inquiry
Interconection
ineractions between people and places
natural cycles such as food chains and water cycle
human activities such as the movement of people, the production and trade of goods and flow of investment and money movement within and between different countries
bangladesh might become flooded if climate change becomes worse
Geologists use concepts of interconection to better understand the complex links between natural and human processes that shape our earth
Sustainablity
the concept of sustainability relates to the on going capacity of earth to maintain life
means to keep going
we need to put more renewables in place
many of our resources are non-renewable
sustainables encourage us to think about these different types of resources and take greater care of earth
sustainability levels
local- recycling of paper by individuals, schools and households reduces the amount of trees that need to be cut down
national- in Australia the government has begun to encourage sustainable use of energy through the establishment of wind farms and hydroelectric power plants and solar panels
International- efforts to protect endangered whale species around the world
use it to investigate how natural and human systems work, andunderstand how resources can be managed in such a way that they will be sustained for the future
Environment
there are few natural left
built is like cities, towns, sububs
some are natural such as deserts, grasslands and moutains
Built effects
in cities are a few degrees hotter
microclimate
the world in wich we live in is made up of many different environments.
the study of different environments help goegraphers to analyse the change humans make to natural environments and better understand the impact
Change
the concept of change is important in geography because it helps us to understand what is happening around us
can be caused by natural processes such as climate change or by human processes
can take place on a global level
geographers play an important roll in ensuring that change is managed in a sustainable way
can take a long time to occur whilst others are instant
global warming happens slowly but can cause a lot of damage long term
Scale
is an additional concept used to guide geograghical inquiries
study levels
reginal- such as an inqury into the types of visitors staying at campsites and tourist parks in Western Australia
inernational- such as an inquiry into animal poaching in national parks and wild game reserves in different countries accross Africa
global- such as inquiry into the use of all marine parks around the world and how well they protect endangerd species
local- such as inquiry into the daily visitors to a neighbourhood skatepark and whether it's facilities meet the needsof visitors
Map Types
dot distribution maps
uses shapes to show population (of people
flow maps
where people travel (linked to chloropleth maps)
political maps
built features
chloropleth maps
shows internal tourist arrivals (linked to flow maps)
physical maps
natural features
thematic maps
particular theme shown like how many farmers in one area
topagrapghic maps
shows hills, vallies and ridges using contour lines
overlay maps
show how features of a map might be related
large scale means to show a large amount of detail but in a small area
small scale means to show a small amount of detail but in a large area
both political and physical have a legend/key, titles, scale, border, orientation and source
Grids
the verticla lines - are called eastigs and icrease in value as you move eastwards
the horrisontal lines| are called northings and increase as you maove northwards
four figure refernces are used to identify and locate particular squares on a map
to find a square, find the bottom left hand corner and write down the eastings first an then the northings
are used to identify and locate
land forms and land scapes
Land forms
Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms
a natural feature of the earth's surface
Land scapes
karst
is formed when easily disolvable bedrock is worn away by slightly acidic water
forms such as caves, stalagmites, staligtights
flows of water creates unique and pretty sights
rivine
are formed by the natural movement/ flow of a water system like a river or a network of rivers
they have lots of different ecosystems
provide good land for farming and agricultural uses
are rich and fertile
costal
shped by natural forces like wind and waves
is constantly changing shape
features may include dunes, bays, cliffs, platforms,spits and/or lagoons
is where the land meets the see
three diferent types of waves
Spilling waves are normally found where the beach is gently sloping
Plunging waves are found wherethe shore is steep and also known for curling over as they break
Surging waves are generally found where the bottom slope is so downwards slopped that the wave doesn't break until it is right at the shore line
arid
common name is desert
are areas of land that recieve 250 milimeters of water, sometimes less than that, per year
are a little less than 1/3 of the worlds surface
two types
Cold deserts found near the arctic and Arctic circle
Hot deserts found along the latitude lines to the north and south of the equator
have lots of rocks, dunes, gravel and sand
mountain
movement and pressure causes land to change shape
the land that is pushed up over time creates
formed by tectonic plates
can stand alone, grounp together or form sidges
there are three types
volcanic
mountains are formed by volcanoes when magma pushes its way from beneath the earth’s crust then layers ash and magma, building itself up
Fold
are made by upward pressure where two tectonic plates collide, buckle and move upwards
block
are created when cracks in the earths crust also known as faults force blocks of land upwards
human
are created by people
larger landscapes may include built ecosystems, roads, buildings, transport, energy, sewerage and telecomunication systems
often in contruction of landscapes result in the damage of our natural landscapes
Natural Disasters
Earthquakes
It is usually what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another, or break apart from each other as a result of tension caused by prolonged energy build up
main quake is regularly followed by after-tremors, which may occur a few hours, days or even months later
smaller shocks that occur before (foreshock) and after (aftershock) a main earthquake (mainshock)
Avalanches
Avalanches restricted to smaller local areas, which are mostly triggered by man in the course of his professional or sporting activities
Large-scale avalanches caused by very heavy rains, which threaten localities, buildings and communication links in all or parts of a valley
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a hill or mountainside
Landslides
Landslides can vary in size but usually they always involve a large ground movement, debris and rock fall.
Landslides can be secondary effects of heavy storms, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
When the stability of a slope decreases or changes, even just slightly, it can make the slope unstable causing the land to slide off
Tsunamis
tsunamis are lots of very destructive waves hiting land
About 80 percent–happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire,” a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common
Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea
Most tsunami are caused by large earthquakes on the sea floor when slabs of rock move past each other suddenly, causing the overlying water to move
Hurricane
"Hurricane Season" begins on June 1 and ends on November 30, although hurricanes can, and have, occurred outside of this time frame
A hurricane is a type of storm called a tropical cyclone, which forms over tropical or subtropical waters
Hurricanes originate in the Atlantic basin, which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico, the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and, less frequently, the central North Pacific Ocean
Bush fires
Fire intensity and speed at which a bushfire spreads will depend on ambient temperature, fuel load, fuel moisture, wind speed and slope angle
Bushfires and grassfires are common throughout Australia
Basic factors which determine whether a bushfire will occur include the presence of fuel, oxygen and an ignition source
occur after good periods of rainfall which result in abundant growth that dries out in hot weather
a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life