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INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE EYE (INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA…
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE EYE
INFLAMMATION OF THE ORBIT
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
CAUSES
bacterial infections
streptococcus pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
staphylococci
Trauma
extension of sinus infection
TYPES
Preseptal cellulitis-
infection does not penetrate the orbital ceptum
Postseptal cellulitis
involves the posterior portion of the eye
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Oedema
Hyperemia
Erythema
Leukocytosis
NURSING ASSESSMENT AND COMMON FINDINGS
Itching
Irritation
Lacreamation
Alteration of vision
Discomfort or pain
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Ultrasonography
Slitlamp space examination
Conjunctival swab
HEALTH EDUCATION
Good personal hygiene
Eye swabbing
BLEPHARITIS
Inflammation of the eyelid margin
TYPES
ulcerative ( caused by bacteria)
non-ulcerative (secondary to dandruff)
CAUSES
STAPHYLOCOCCUS Aureus
Dandruff
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Burning
Irritation
Itchiness
Redness of the lid margins
Scales on eyelashes (dry or greasy)
MANAGEMENT
Antibiotic or sulphonamide ointment
Antidandruff shampoo( scalp and eyebrows)
Precautions to prevent complications such as epithelial keratitis and recurrent conjunctivitis
HEALTH EDUCATION
Clean lid margins with baby shampoo or bicarbonate of soda on a cotton wool bud
INFLAMATION OF THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS
DACRYOADENITIS
Inflammation of the lacrimal gland that be acute or subacute
This is commonly caused by bacteria and viruses in children
DACRYOCYCTITIS
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Haemophilus influenza
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumonia
Age
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Itching
Pain or discomfort
Burning
MANAGEMENT
Warm compresses applied
Systemic antibiotics
Antibiotics and eyedrops
INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Inflammation and infection of the conjunctiva it can be Acute sub-acute or chronic,
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasite
Dermatitis
Allergic conditions
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Discharge (watery, mucoid, purulent or mucopurulent)
Hyperaemia
Irritation
Follicles
Papillae
Burning
Pricking sensation
Lymphadenopathy
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Ultrasonography
MANAGEMENT
Antihistamine- allergic conjunctivitis
Antibiotics-bacterial infections
Anti-viral agents-viral infections
Isolation of patient
Gently cleanse to remove discharge
HEALTH EDUCATION
Good hygiene
Proper nutrition
Proper disposal of waste
Proper hand washing
Not rubbing the eye with dirty hands
Stay away from work or school
OPHTHALMIC NEONATORUM
Conjunctivitis that affects newborns up to 21 days after birth.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Bacteria
Virus
Chlamydia
Gonococcus
Acquired during passage through the birth canal
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Purulent discharge
Sticking together of eyelids
Chemosis
Redness
MANAGEMENT
Systemically and topically with antibiotics specific to aetiology
Swabbing the baby’s eyes immediately when head is delivered
Instillation of prophylactic antibiotics
Screen and treat pregnant mothers and partners
HEALTH EDUCATION
Proper hand wash before and after touching the baby
Eye swabbing
Importance of ANC visits
TRACHOMA
Eye bacterial infection that spreads through direct contact with the eyes, eyelids, and nose or throat secretions (highly contagious). May cause blindness
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Chlamydia trachomatis
Poverty
Crowded living conditions
Poor sanitation
Age
Sex
Poor access to water
Flies
Lack of latrines
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Mild itching
Irritation (eye and eyelids)
Discharge (mucus or pus)
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Eye pain
Inflammation with development of follicles
Eyelid scarring
Ingrown eyelashes
Corneal clouding
MANAGEMENT
Treatment with antibiotics (tetracycline eye ointment, Azithromycin)
Surgical intervention to correct complications such as entropion
HEALTH EDUCATION
Educate on modes of transmission
No sharing of face clothes
Methods to purify water
Control of flies
Prompt treatment of any red or discharging eye
INFLAMMATION OF THE SCLERA
EPISCLERITIS
Inflammation of the episclera
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Associated with hypersensitivity
Systemic diseases
Syphilis
Herpes zoster
TB
Gout
Rheumatoid arthritis
SCLERITIS
inflammation of the entire thickness of the slera
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pain
Lacrimation
Photophobia
Redness
Tenderness
MANAGEMENT
Elimination of risk factors
HEALTH EDUCATION
Prompt treatment of systemic diseases to prevent complications
INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA
KERATITIS
Inflammation of the cornea, common ocular condition
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Infections
Hypersensitivity
Nutritional deficiency
Exposure to dust
TYPES
Superficial keratitis-
in the superficial layers of the cornea
Deep keratitis-
deep layers of the cornea
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pain
Photophobia
Lacrimation
Laceration
MANAGEMENT
Treat the cause
Give Mydriatics to dilate the pupil and rest the eye
Steroids to reduce inflammation
Eye padding to relieve pain and promote healing
HEALTH EDUCATION
Good nutrition
Protect eye from dust
Good personal hygiene
INFLAMMATION OF THE UVEAL TRACT
UVEITIS
Inflammation of the uveal tract
HEALTH EDUCATION
Balanced lifestyle
Good nutrition
MANAGEMENT
Analgesia
Systemic antibiotics
Steroids
Mydriatics
Treat the cause
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Visual disturbances
Specks floating in the vitreous
Diminished vision
Redness
Lacrimation
Photophobia
Pain (may radiate to the forehead, temple and upper jaw. Worsen at night)
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Endogenous infections
Secondary infections
Exogenous infections
TYPES
Posterior uveitis
- affects the choroid and chorioretinitis
Anterior uveitis
- affects iris and ciliary body, iridocyclitis
INFLAMMATION OF THE VITREOUS
VITRITIS
Inflammation of the vitreous associated with inflammation of posterior uvea and retina
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Systemic diseases- sarcoidosis, toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infection
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Retinopathy
Decreased vision
Pain
MANAGEMENT
Investigate and treat cause
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Severe intraocular infection
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Severe pain
Redness
Swollen eyelids
Chemosis
Hazy cornea
Loss of vision
CASUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Perforating corneal ulcer
Penetrating trauma
Secondary to surgery
MANAGEMENT
Topical, subconjunctival and systemic antibiotics
Mydriatics
Analgesics
Eye padding
Vitrectomy
INFLAMMATION OF THE RETINA
RETINITIS
Inflammation of the retina and sometimes involve choroid
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Systemic diseases
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Retinopathy
Patches of choriorenitis
Decreased vision
Lymphadenopathy
MANAGEMENT
Treat symptoms
Discourage self-medicating, first the cause must be investigated before commencement of treatment
INFLAMMATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE
OPTIC NEURITIS
Inflammation of the optic nerve
TYPES
Intraocular optic neuritis
Retrobulbar optic neuritis
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Syphilis
TB
Tonsillitis
Toxoplasmosis
Periostitis
Inflammation of nasal sinuses
Injury
Multiple sclerosis
Neurosyphilis
DM
Demyelinating diseases
Toxic amblyopia
Vitamin deficiency
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Blurred vision
Headache
Pain
MANAGEMENT
Corticosteroids
Analgesia