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Exploration and Colonization (PEGS: Reasons for Colonization (Political…
Exploration and Colonization
PEGS: Reasons for Colonization
Political
powerful nation states and monarchs
Economic
growth of trade
advances in technology
China: gunpowder and magnetic compass
Middle East: better sails and gunpowder
Wanted to increase profit using natural resources
Geographic
the natural divots in the land make natural harbors
most of the land of the North and South America
Located in a coastline
Social
European missionaries wanted to spread Christianity; believed they had the superior religion
many Native Americans didn't want to succumb to Christianity
God (Christianity), Gold (in trade), Glory (power)
Colonies
New England Colonies
Plymouth Colony
Settled by: Pilgrims (separatists)
When: 1620
Mayflower: About 100 passengers traveled to North America in the Mayflower near the Hudson River. They set anchor in Cape Cod.
Mayflower Compact: The Mayflower Compact established the foundation for the colony's government. It was the first self government plan in the colonies and most of the colony's decisions would be made by the colony's men.
Half of the settlers died during the first winter. The Squanto had helped them survive. The Plymouth Colony kept growing.
Rhode Island
Settled by: Roger Williams and his supporters
When: 1635
Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for s[peaking out against government punishing religious dissention and against confiscating Native American land.
Connecticut
Settled by: Thomas Hooker
When: 1636
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the first written constitution in America. Citizenship was based on land ownership.
Massachusetts
Settled by: Pilgrims and Puritans seeking religious freedom
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Settled by: Puritans
When: 1630
They were led by Governor John Winthrop who believed "We shall be as a city upon a Hill. The eyes of the people are on us."
It became the largest and most influential New England Colony. Later on, Massachusetts became a royal colony.
New Hampshire
Settled by: David Thomson
When: 1623
After being exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for being a dissenter, John Wheelright and 175 followers established the New Hampshire township of Exeter that had no religious ties.
Middle Colonies
New York
Settled by: The Dutch
When: 1624
Henry Hudson: Hudson explored the area in 1611 for the Dutch East India Company, giving the Netherlands its claim to the the territory.
To promote settlement, Dutch landholders were given tracks of land that they could rent out to tenant farmers.
The Dutch and British fought 3 naval wars. The territory was renamed for the Duke of York, the brother of King Charles II received a charter for the territory.
Delaware
Settled by: New Sweden Company
When: 1638
In 1664. the British Duke of York and the colony of New York gained control over Delaware. In 1681, William Penn was granted control over Delaware as part of Pennsylvania. In 1701, Delaware separated from Pennsylvania to form its own colony.
New Jersey
Settled by: The Dutch
When: 1660
In 1664, the Duke of York gave the land between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to two friends, Sir George Carter and Lord John Berkeley, and the area was re-named New Jersey.
Pennsylvania
Settled by: William Penn
When: 1682
In 1681, King Charles II granted William Penn a charter for the colony for the colony of Pennsylvania.
Quakers: Pennsylvania became a haven for Quakers. Quakers were often ridiculed for their simplicity of speech and clothing. They were also persecuted for rejecting oaths, rituals, and formal ministers of the 17th century church, and for their anti-war beliefs.
Southern Colonies
Virginia
Settled by: British
When: 1587 - Roanoke | 1607 - Jamestown
Roanoke: In 1587, 100 men, women, and children settled on Roanoke Island under the leadership of John White. It took White nearly 3 to return to Roanoke. When he arrived, the settlement was deserted.
Jamestown
Settled by: Virginia Company of London
When: 1607
Only 38 of the 150 settlers survived the first winter.
House of Burgesses: In 1619, the first legislature made up of elected representatives in North America was established at Jamestown.
Growing tobacco was very labor intensive, but also hugely profitable. The Virginia Company offered free land to people who settled in Jamestown. Indentured were first used to work the fields and cure the tobacco, but in 1619, the first African slaves were brought to Jamestown.
Georgia
Settled by: General James Oglethorpe
When: 1732
Georgia was established as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida. It was established as a place for English debtors to go and serve their sentences.
North + South Carolina
Settled by: Supporters of King Charles II
When: 1663
King Charles I granted 8 supporters land in the Carolinas.
Cash crops are grown for the purpose of selling rather than being grown for just the farmer to use.
Maryland
Settled by: Lord Baltimore
When: 1632
Lord Baltimore was a Catholic who convinced King Charles I to grant him 100 million acres for persecuted Catholics to settle. Later on, Maryland became filled with more Protestants than Catholics.
Toleration Act of 1649: This law granted religious freedom to all Christians living in Maryland.
King Philip's War
When: 1675 - 1676
Native Americans upset over rapid settlement growth and their treatment vs. English settlers
Metacom: He created an alliance with other Native Americans and in 1675, he launched a united assault on colonial towns.
Colonists: 17 towns destroyed, 52 towns damaged, and 2000 settlers were killed
Native Americans: entire Americans were sold into slavery, many were forced into local servitude, political independence ended.
Governor Andros of New York, a colonial militia, and allied Metacom's warriors attacked Metacom's camp, killing 350 of his men and capturing his wife and son. The war ended shortly after Metacom was captured and killed.
Witches in Salem
When: Spring - Fall 1692
150 people were imprisoned for witchcraft, 7 died in prison, 19 men and women were found guilty and hung, and 1 person was crushed to death for refusing to testify
Bacon's Rebellion
When: 1676
Nathaniel Bacon raised an unauthorized militia of indentured servants, slaves, and poor farmers to retaliate against a series of Native Americans attacks on the Virginia frontier.
In response, Virginia Governor William Berkeley gathered an army to fight against Bacon and his men. Macon and his men attacked and destroyed Jamestown. The rebellion ended soon after Bacon's death from dysentery. His co-conspirators were hung.
Significance: First colonial rebellion against royal control, white farmers and landholders were given more right, but the planter class remained in power. Laws make Africans hereditary slaves were passed.